Population Problems in Bangladesh

[pic] Assignment On Population Problems in bangladesh Submitted To: Halimur R. khan, Ph. D. Professor FBA Eastern University Submitted By: Name |ID | |Dewan Abdullah |101200205 | |Jannatul Ferdaous |101200214 | |Tanzila Afrin | 101200004 | |Shahina Akter |101200211 | Faculty of Business Administration Submission: 11/05/2011 Terms of Reference May 11, 2011 Halimur R. khan,Ph. D. , Professor Faculty of Business Administration, Eastern University Sir, The report at your hand is on â€Å"population problem in Bangladesh†. You assign us to prepare this report as a part of the Business Communication (BUS-201) course requirement. While preparing this report, we have tried to follow your instructions given in the class.We believe our report contains information help us to make a clear recognize about â€Å"population problem in Bangladesh†. We really enjoyed doing such a challenging report. If you have further queries regarding this paper, we gladly remain stand by whenev er you ask for it. Finally, we are grateful to you for giving us a nice opportunity to work on this report, which we have considered as a great chance for us to develop our analytical skills. Sincerely yours, Dewan Abdullah Jannatul Ferdaous Tanzila Afrin Shahina Akter [pic] 1. Introduction: Today more than a billion people live in the areas richest in species diversity and the most threatened by human activities. The world’s population is now more than 6. billion and continues to grow by 83 million people per year. During the last half-century, the world’s population more than doubled. Between 1960 and 2010, the world population rose from 3 billion to 6. 8 billion. In other words, there has been more growth in population in the last fifty years than the previous 2 million years that humans have existed. Currently the rate of population increase is 1. 2% per year, which means the planet’s human population is on a trajectory to double again in 58 years. The plane t's major renewable natural resources—its fresh water, fisheries and forests—are already strained, and our atmosphere has been dramatically alter.Based on these trends, it is clear that the 21st century will witness even greater pressures on natural resources—with the poorest among us often paying the greatest price. Thomas Malthus believed that natural rates of human reproduction, when unchecked, would lead to geometric increases in population: population would grow in a ratio of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on. However, he believed that food production increased only in arithmetic progression: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. It seemed obvious to him that something had to keep the population in check to prevent wholesale starvation. He said that there were two general kinds of checks that limited population growth: preventative checks and positive checks. Preventative checks reduced the birth rate; positive checks increased the death rate.Despite sustained domestic and internati onal efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation, in part due to its large population. Its per capita income in 2006 was US$2300, compared to the world average of $10,200. Recent (2005–2007) estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 142 to 159 million, making it the 8th most populous nation in the world. With a land area of 143,998 square kilometers (55,600 square miles, ranked 94th), the population density is remarkable. A striking comparison is offered by the fact that Russia's population is only slightly smaller. Bangladesh boasts the highest population density in the world, excluding a handful of microstates.Bangladesh's population growth was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the country grew from 50 to 90 million people, but with the promotion of birth control in the 1980s, the growth rate slowed. The total fertility rate is now 3. 1 children per woman, compared with 6. 2 three decades ago. The population is relatively young, with the 0–25 age group comprising 60%, while 3% are 65 or older. Bangladesh remains among the poorest nations in the world. Many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land. Nearly half of the population lives on less than 1 US$ per day. BANGLADESH had one of the highest rates of population growth in the world. Bangladesh is among the poorest Asian countries. GNP per capita, now at $170, has grown very little since 1970 and is still among the lowest in the world.Rural people–90 percent of the population–have seen increasing landlessness and economic dislocation. Underemployment remains high. The overall literacy rate is 30 percent; for women, it is only 22 percent. The social status of the vast majority of women, bound by the restrictions of a patriarchal, traditional society, has changed little since Independence. Top 10 countries, based on population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [pic] 2. State of the problems : It is alarming news. People in Bangladesh should now understand the reality of the problem. Population is growing, land for cultivation is sinking, climate change will create havoc for the country, there is excess in government expenditure for foreign trips and hosts of other problems are coming up.I heard the Prime Minister saying that she send the Bangladeshis abroad to solve the population problem. That sounded hollow to me. The government should have a viable policy of limiting population growth. This is a serious problem for Bangladesh. [pic] 2. 1 Environmental Issues: Many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and er osion; deforestation; severe overpopulation. 2. Overpopulation Creates Traffic Jam: Traffic Jam is one of the most irritating problems in Bangladesh. Everyone feels it but none seems to think over this unhappy situation as prevails in Bangladesh. Communication is an important aspect of our day-to-day life. And as such, the bad effect of traffic jam can better be understood than described. So that, movements on the roads and streets must strictly be regulated by certain rules, which we call, traffic rules. Vehicles must keep to the left, obey speed limits and should avoid overtaking and follow the traffic signals. If these rules are followed strictly, the vehicles can go on smoothly without causing any traffic jam.But most often than not, there is glaring carelessness about these rules. As a result, the common people pay very dearly for it. People lose their time on their way for nothing. Sometimes we feel inclined to think that our government and the people at the helm of these affa irs are very indifferent to such vital problems. Something positive must be done to relieve the people from such problems. T[pic] The main reasons of traffic jam is overpopulation. 2. 3 Overpopulation Creates Load Shedding Load shedding occurs when generation of power is less than the demand and it creates problems of far reaching consequences in the economic and social development of the country.Mills and factories become idle, industrial production declines, workers are retrenched. Social order suffers a great damage. Students suffer in their study, straining their eyes in dim candle lights. The housewife gropes in the darkness in the kitchen. the shops have to close down. Men in the cinema halls spend hours in stuffy suffocation for failure of the supply of current. People return home after a day's hard work only to enter a dark den. The entire life-domestic and industrial comes to a standstill. Load shedding occurs when generation of power is less than the demand and it creates problems of far reaching consequences in the economic and social development of the country.Mills and factories become idle, industrial production declines, workers are retrenched. Social order suffers a great damage. Students suffer in their study, straining their eyes in dim candlelight. The housewife gropes in the darkness in the kitchen. The shops have to close down. Men in the cinema halls spend hours in stuffy suffocation for failure of the supply of current. People return home after a day's hard work only to enter a dark den. The entire life-domestic and industrial comes to a standstill. So that it says, demand of electricity is increase when population is rapidly increased day to day. 2. 4 Housing Problem Housing means providing our dwelling place.It is a problem because very little attention is paid to it. That housing is a problem must first be considered a great problem by the government as well as the conscious citizens. The employer must be compelled to provide proper a ccommodation facilities for their employees. The government may also impose suitable taxes on profit and utilize this income for the purpose of building accommodation for workers. The government should also make it a point to make the people in general conscious of the danger of unhygienic living. The picture shows that overpopulation creates both environment pollution & housing problem [pic] 2. 5 Educational problems Population problem creates educational problems too.It is an extraordinary job to get admission in schools, colleges and university. For twenty seats, there may be two thousand candidates. 6. Unemployment In the field of employment this condition is dangerous. For one single vacant post there will be thousand candidates. Thousands and thousands of people are out of work in the country. 2. 7 Sound pollution Among the many-side environmental pollutions, sound pollution is one of the serious problems. It has reached an alarming stage now-a-days. The quietness of our life has totally vanished. Even within our homes sound has been very common. Many are the causes of this problem of sound pollution. Microphones blare out day in and day out.Film songs are played on cassette recorders at top volume even from the wayside betel shops. There are the aggressive bullying horns of automobiles. During religious festivals crackers are burst in discriminately and as a result the lives of the children and the aged person become miserable. Shouting of slogans also contributes not a little to sound pollution. One can even come across slogan shouting in hospitals. The extent of sound pollution has already crossed the normal limits of human endurance. We have to pass strict laws to take effective steps against the misuse of microphones. So that, population problems creates sound pollution that is chasing us in almost every step of our life. 2. 8 Green House EffectThere are many causes of green house effect. The destruction and cutting down of tropical rain forests. Ve hicles that clog up city streets and rapid growth of population are the most effective causes of green house effect. All this reports provide strong evidence that world temperatures are increasing day by day; growth of population is the most effective causes of Green house effect. 2. 9 Overpopulation Can Increasing Air Pollution The city of Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. It faces a number of problems for overpopulation. Increasing air population is one of them. It is creating serious threat to health for the millions of the city dwellers.The root cause of this air-pollution in this city is the rise of population, unplanned industrial activities and growth motorizes vehicles. Then there are the auto-rickshaws, tempos, buses, mini bus and trucks. These vehicles discharge excessive amount of carbon in the air. It has been reported that at present 80 thousand cars, 40 thousand auto-rickshaws, 16 thousand trucks, 1500 buses and 22,500 other vehicles are operating in the Dhaka Metrop olitan area. Then there are also a good number of vehicles coming in and going out from the city every day. In the context of this situation, necessary measures for control of air-pollution should situation. Necessary measures for control of air-pollution should be taken jointly by the government and the city dwellers. 2. 0 Food problem Population in Bangladesh is increasing by geometrical progression. But the agricultural production is increasing by arithmetical progression. The production of food cannot keep pace with our increasing people. So there is the shortage of food in our country. Every year a large quantity of food is to be imported from abroad. 2. 11 Health problem â€Å"Health is wealth†, but our people are suffering from many diseases. Many children of our country are blind because they do not get enough nutrition. Our children often suffer in diarrhea. 2. 12 Medical and medicine problem The large number of population creates the treatment problems too.There is only one qualified doctor for every 25,000 village people on the average. They also do not get proper and sufficient medicine. 2. 13 Shelter Problems The area of Bangladesh is too small to arrange shelter for the large number of population. In our country some people sleep under the porn sky, under the large tree, at railway station. This cause creates only for the population problems. 2. 14 Poverty Overpopulation is a cause of poverty. The increasing population of our country is creating pressure to our wealth. Our wealth is limited. So day by day we become poor. In this picture the little poor boy is working to earn money for food. Overpopulation increases food problem & poverty [pic] 3.Reasons of population problems in Bangladesh: Population growth is not the only threat facing humanity, but it will be a major contributor to the crises that await us and the planet in the coming century. Overpopulating the planet puts us all at risk of extreme environmental and social consequences that we are beginning to witness today. Beyond the dour environmental implications of current and future global population growth, there is a human tragedy in process as well. When we look forward to the next 40 years, the most significant population increases will take place in the areas of our world where natural resources and the infrastructure of modernity are already the scarcest.Ninety-five percent of human population growth is occurring in countries already struggling with poverty, illiteracy and civil unrest. In fact, developing countries are in need of approximately $1 trillion per year in new infrastructure (school rooms, for example) to accommodate the dramatic increases to their populations. This figure is effectively impossible to meet, which means the continued expansion of human population will result in an increase in the number of people living in poverty, unemployment and with inadequate health care. 3. 1 Hypothesis: †¢ Lack of awareness: Lack of awareness is the burning issue of increasing population. It is the root of all problems.Gender discrimination: There is a traditional view of having a male child. Parents thought that if they have a male child they will support them economically when they are able to earn. Parents specially take care of a male child than female one. So they try to have more and more male child. This practice is increasing the member of the family as well as the whole country. This situation is mostly seen in rural villages and in slum areas. †¢ Early marriage: Another main reason of population problem is early marriage of girls who are under 18. Poor parents are mainly interested in early marriage. Having daughter is a burden to them so they try to get them married early. Lack of education: The quality of education in remote rural areas was far worse than in urban areas, largely due to a scarcity of English teachers and the predominance of religious schools (‘madrasas') where English is not taught, t he study said. Our kids are falling behind in many areas of intellectual achievement. The whimsical decision of the government not to promote teachers without certain qualifications is further worsening in this situation. Sixty-nine percent of students who had completed five years of primary school were unable to read news headlines in Bangla newspapers properly, while 87 percent of pupils failed to do simple mathematical calculations, the study, entitled National Assessment of Pupils of Grades Three and Five – 2006, said.Conducted by the Second Primary Education Development Programmer (PEDP-II) – a donor-assisted programmer to ensure quality primary education for all children – the study reported that 72 percent of children were unable to write a short composition in Bangla – the mother tongue of over 95 percent of the population. 2. Some other reasons are given below: †¢ There is not enough food to feed a growing population. †¢ There is not a stable enough economy to give jobs or a decent standard of living to the current population, much less a growing one. †¢ Consumption of Resources for the current population already out weights the planet's capacity. †¢ Pollution by the current population is heavy, and would be worsened by a greater population. †¢ Education is best given individually, and the system is stressed when more students are added. 4.Solutions to the population problems in Bangladesh: We should all come forward to control the population. The government of Bangladesh is trying to control it. To remove this problem we should following arrangement: †¢ Using contraception: There are many choices to make about whether or not to use contraception and what method to use if you want to avoid a pregnancy. Contraceptive methods include the use of hormones, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and barrier and natural methods. People choose to use contraceptives (birth control) for a variety of reasons. Choo sing the birth control that is right for you is a personal decision and should be an informed one. You may have decided that you don’t wish to have children or would love them – just at a later point in your life. ? You may choose to use birth control to help space the timing of the births of your children. ? You may be feeling like your family is complete, so you wish to guard against the possibility of becoming pregnant again. Because we are all individuals and have our own unique needs, so too, we may prefer a particular contraceptive method over another – depending on our sexual, moral, or reproductive needs. †¢ Birth control: Birth control is an umbrella term for several techniques and methods used to prevent fertilization or to interrupt pregnancy at various stages.Birth control techniques and methods include contraception (the prevention of fertilization), contraception (preventing the implantation of the blast cyst) and abortion (the removal or expu lsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus). Contraception includes barrier methods, such as condoms or diaphragm, hormonal contraception, also known as oral contraception, and inject able contraceptives. [1] Contraceptives, also known as post-coital birth control, include intrauterine devices and what is known as the morning after pill. †¢ Mass education: There is a famous saying in Bangladesh: â€Å"Lekha pora kore Je Gari Gora chore se† (Those who are educated will succeed).This traditional thinking of education as the ticket to the good life emerges in different ways and degrees in Bangladesh. Education is seen as something that is received rather than achieved and it has increasingly become dependent on certificates. †¢ Stop early marriage: Education is the most important key to helping end the practice of forced child marriages. Many believe that education may prove to be more successful in preventing child marriages than banning child marriages. Education of the parents is just as important as education of the children. Education will broaden their horizons and will help convince parents of the benefits in having their children educated. It is important to provide education involving more than reading, writing, and math.Teaching these young girls life skills, including reproduction and contraception information, how to have fun and how to play in sports, is proving to be a positive way to change the lives and futures of these adolescent girls. †¢ Stop early pregnancy: Early marriage is mostly seen in village. This problem is increasing rapidly because those people don’t have awareness. To solve this problem the mother have to wait at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health. Also, if additional children are desired after a child is born; it is healthier for the mother and the child to wait at least 2 years after the previous birth before attempting to conceive but not more than 5 y ears. 5. Conclusion: Population pyramids, or age-sex pyramids, graphically depict the distribution of a country’s population based on age and gender.A top-heavy pyramid represents a country with an aging population that is failing to replace itself. Contrarily, a bottom-heavy pyramid represents a country with a rapid growth rate. Furthermore, indentations and spikes represent natural, environmental, and human phenomena that have affected population growth over time. Causes of these reductions and booms in population are natural disasters, famine, wars, postwar eras, increase in level of healthcare, and baby boom eras. The population is a great malady for Bangladesh. But this can be solved if the government and the people are firmly determined to control birth rate and grow more food at the same time. No improvement is possible unless this problem to solve†¦. [pic][pic][pic]

Basic Accounting Assignment Essay

Generally Accepted   Principles, Balance sheet, Accounts receivable, Income statement, Debt, Liability, Double-entry bookkeeping system, Accounts payable 1- Explain the collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and reporting process of accounting. – Collecting:- Data obtained from various sources with the help of appropriate measures is called collection of data. – Recording:- Arranging the data into its chronological form is called recording of data. – Classifying:- Division of data according to nature of events is called classification of data. – Ledger is used for classifying transactions – Posting is the process of transferring transactions from journal to ledger. Summarizing:- This involves presenting the classified data in a manner which is understandable and useful to the management and other interested parties. Follow statements are prepared:- – Income statement – Balance Sheet – Cash flow statement – Analyzing:- The comparison of data in a business is called analyzing of data. For example, analyzing of present data with past data, or actual data w ith projected data. – Reporting:- Forwarding the results to financial users like chairman, directors, managers etc. is called reporting of data. – Discuss in detail the nature of accounts i. e. assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital by giving examples. – Assets:- The resources of a business are called assets. They are of two types:- – Fixed Assets: Land, Building, Equipment, Vehicle etc. – Current Assets: Cash, cash at bank, A/c receivable, debtors, prepaid expenses. – Expenses:- The amount spent in a business with a view to gain profit in the future is called expense. Examples are rent expenses, salaries expenses, advertisement expenses etc. – Liabilities:- The financial responsibilities of the business for which it is liable are called liabilities. They are divided into two types:- – Fixed Liabilities (Bank Loan, Bonds Payable, Mortgage Payable. ) – Current Liabilities (Notes Payable, Unearned Income, Creditors. ) – Capital:- The amount of money invested by the owner in the business is called capital. – Revenue:- The incomes and the profits earned in the business through selling are called revenues. For example, Sales, Service revenue, Interest, commission earned. – Drawings:- The amount of money taken away by the proprietor for personal benefits is called Drawings. 3- Describe the accounting rule of debit and credit for accounts like assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital. – Assets – Increase in Asset is debit. – Decrease in Asset is credit. – Liabilities – Increase in liabilities is credit. – Decrease in liabilities is debit. – Revenues – Increase in revenues is credit. – Decrease in revenues is debit. – Expenses – Increase in expense is debit. – Decrease in expense is credit. – Capital – Increase in capital is credit. – Decrease in capital is debit. – Select any twenty categories from the above and identify a transaction that will have the required effect on the business. 1- Purchased Goods on credit 25,000. 2- Gave services for cash 5,000. 3- Brought cash in business 65,000. 4- Adjusting entry of out standing salaries 9000. 5- Wa ges wrongly debited to Sales 400. 6- Salaries wrongly debited to Drawings 600. 7- Paid to accounts payable in cash 1500. 8- Goods returned by customer worth 650. 9- Withdrew cash for personal use 550

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Fixed Wing Versus Rotor Wing Engineering Essay

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Fixed Wing Versus Rotor Wing Engineering Essay Since 1919, law enforcement agencies have used fixed wing and rotor wing aircrafts to assist in enforcing the law. In 2007, data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics showed that large law enforcement departments provided aerial enforcement in the District of Columbia and 46 states. There were 295 airplanes and 604 helicopters being operated, which flew more than 330,000 missions. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aullea07.pdf The types of airplane that are used by law enforcement are Cessna 182, Cessna 206, Pilatus PC-12 Spectres, P-3 Orions, Citations, Learjets, Gulfstream jets, King Air 350s and 200s and some larger airliner-type aircraft. Some of the helicopters used are the American Euro-copter EC120/130/145, AStar AS350/355N/350 B2, Dolphin HH-65C, Blackhawk UH-60, Maverick, Raven II R44, Cayuse OH-6 and McDonnell Douglas MD 600. The types of missions these aircrafts conduct are surveillance, drug interdiction, fugitive searches, routine patrol or support, search and re scue, personnel transport, prisoner transport, SWAT operation, traffic enforcement, speed enforcement, homeland security, photographic, medical support and evacuation. Both types of aircrafts have their advantages and disadvantages in airborne law enforcement. http://www.kansas.com/2010/08/01/1427779/aviation-sees-growth-in-law-enforcement.html. The advantages that a helicopter has over an airplane are that they can land and take off without the need for run ways. Their airfoil shape rotors are like the wings of an airplane, as the rotor spins, air flow faster over the tops of the blades than it does under, thus creating lift for flight. Their unique rotor design allows for them to takeoff vertically, fly in any direction including sideways, backwards and hover over an area. Their ability to hover provides coverage for the ground units on the street and if needed land to assist in foot pursuits. They can be equipped with a winch for the purpose of lowering or picking up personnel or equipments on the ground, at sea or on mountains during a search and rescue mission, where there is no place to land . They are better able to maneuver around tall structures at lower altitudes. manhttp://library.thinkquest.org/J0112389/helicopters.htm. On 14 November 2008, San Diego Police Department ABLE helicopter used the FLIR camera to catch a man facing murder charges for beating another with a crutch in the middle of the street. http://www.policeone.com/police-products/tactical/night-vision/videos/5954944-police-helicopter-catches-bizarre-street-fight-on-flir-camera On 30, January 3013 the NYPD police helicopter rescues a shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s captain who was having a heart attack. A dramatic nighttime helicopter rescue in New Yeark Harbor may have saved the life of a shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s captain. Police say they received a call Tuesday night that the captain of the Panamanian cargo ship Grey Shark was having a heart attack. The NYPD harbor medical team stabilized the 6 0 year old captain before calling the help of a police helicopter. A basket was lowered to hoist him up into the chopper, which then flew him to Staten Island University Hospital North. He was listed in stable condition. http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/176246/police-helicopter-rescues-ship-captain-who-was-having-a-heart-attack The helicopters are force multipliers for ground units, because they can monitor the tactical environment, give alerts or observe things which the ground units are unable to detect. Additionally, they can respond and cover ground more quickly than ground units. The flight deck of a helicopter can be equipped with multiple electronic equipments. Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) also know as glass cockpit that provides flight and system information to the crew, Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) camera allows the crew to see images created from infrared energy, moving map system show their location, satellite phones provide direct communication, di gital video downlink gives real time images, night vision goggles can be used in low light situation if needed, loudspeakers for communication or message deliver to the ground, tear gas dispensers, police and aviation radios . Disadvantages helicopters are that they cost more to operate and maintain. A fully equipped helicopter can cost from $500,000 to $3 million and the flying costs ranges from $200 to $400 per hour. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-09-30-cophelicopters_N.htm Maintenance, fuel, leasing and financing cost are three times then the cost to operate and maintain airplanes. Due to its abilities to fly lower and hover over areas it creates lots of noise and is easily detectable. The capacities of passengers that a helicopter can carry are limited. The Robinson RA-44 can carry 2 to 4 personnel and others like the Blackhawk UH-60 can carry 11 personnel or the Bell UH-1 that can be configured to carry 15 personnel. The general commercial helicopters used by t he law enforcement agencies have a flight time of two to four hours, with top speed from 50 to 200 knots and an average range of about 200 miles. The operations of fixed wing aircraft have some advantages over rotor wing aircrafts in law enforcement. They can perform a wide range of missions which requires them to stay airborne longer then a rotor wing aircraft is able to. Fix wing aircraft can carry more payloads and engine performances are great then those of rotor wing aircrafts. Aero surveillance, homeland security, speed enforcement and transport of people or gear are mostly the missions performed. http://www.lawofficer.com/article/patrol/fixed-wing-aircraft-law-enforc They are equipped with a variety of high tech equipments just as their rotor wing counterparts. The cabins are pressurized and allow for higher altitude flights. They can perform surveillance 5,000 ft to 6,000 ft and not be undetected. The average costs to maintain and operate a fixed wing aircraft per flight is about $54 for maintenance and $45 for fuel compared to a rotor wing aircraft. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aullea07.pdf The Custom Border Patrolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s P-3 AEW Orion airplane has a large fuel capacity of 60,000 lbs; flight time up to 10 to 13 hours, maximum range at low altitude is 2,500 NM and at high altitude 3,800 NM. Average cruising speed is 300 to 330 knots. It can carry a crew of 12 to 21 personnel. Normal crew consists of four systems operators, three pilots, two flight engineers and three maintenance crew members. This aircraft is integration with the E-2 Hawkeye aircraft radar system, which allows for it to see 200 NM in all directions. They coordinate and direct Navy and Coast Guard ship and aircrafts to the location of drug smuggling boats or planes. Primary mission are interdiction, over water operations, surveillance and homeland security. The use of this aircraft between the Jacksonville, Florida and the Texas office have contributed to the cap ture and seizure of 50 metric tons of drugs worth a roughly about 2 Billion dollars. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqCtrB_FZvE Fixed wing light sport aircraft generally cost between $60,000 and $130,000 to purchase and $50 per hour to fuel and maintain. They can fly at wide range of speeds of 35 to 125 knots making them an excellent platform for performing a broad range of law enforcement missions. It can carry up to 500 lbs and travel twice as far as a helicopter could. http://nij.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/operations/aviation/types-of-aircraft.htm The disadvantages of fix winged aircrafts are they require a runway to take off and land, assembling of the flight crew, delay on taking off due to congestion at airport, unable to see the other side of the aircraft. They cannot monitor the tactical environment very well and or unable to alerts or observe things which the ground units are unable to detect. Unable to land and assist with foot pursuits, canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t hover, t he aircraft is not equipped with rescue winch.

Departmental Select Committees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Departmental Select Committees - Essay Example Also the parliamentary committees should interact more closely with the outside which will in turn widen their evidence-base. 1 Primarily before scrutinizing, the select committees should bring forth an awareness of the ideological and institutional features of modern British government and politics. This will develop a theoretical concept and a practical application of resolving problems and analysis. 2 One of the major aspects of the parliament is the relationship between a territory's legislature and its executives relating to the central and constitutional political system. This relationship is overlooked sometimes and the use of a prerogative power, which is the power exercised by the ministers are enforced. There need to be an analysis of the source of executive power, its scrutiny by parliament and the views of the major parties. A question of whether the Executives need rebalancing occurs. This is because during these modern times where everything is modernized the relationship between the executives and the parliament should also be strengthened. There is a central proposal which says that the owner s of the Select Committees, that is the scrutinisers should belong to the house of the commons and not belong to the executives. 3 Thus theThus the final method that the parliament uses to scrutinize the executive is the Select Committee. These Select Committees are those where the MPs from the floor of the House meet in small debating chambers with the task of taking into account the particular aspects of government policies and administration. The Select Committees do not consider the detailed drafting of bills, all the government policies, administration, working of the parliament and executives is taken into account and analysed by the Committee. Almost all Select Committees with the task of scruitinising the executives are in a way linked to a particular government department, which were 14 and has increased to 16. Among these the Departmental Select Committees were set up in 1979 under SO No. 130. 4 An example of one the Departmental Select Committees is that until when the Transport Research Laboratory was privatized, the department had eight executive agencies, where the Departmental Select Committee held substantive enquiries regarding the work of the Coastguard agency as well as into the privatization of the transport research laboratory. Also the deregulatory work performed by the Vehicle Inspectorates were to be found and scruitinised by the committee. An advantage of the Departmental Select Committee is that all the issues relating to the concerned departments could be raised in public that might not have happened otherwise. As it was discussed openly it gave room for many of the Committees recommendations to be carried out in further development and functioning of the departments. During the analysis of the inquiries an evidence of the Highways Agency and the Marine Safety Agency is stated here. The Committee did not examine any of the agency chief executives, their obj ectives and performances. In this case the Select Committee was recommended by the Public Service Committee to take the matters more seriously and take a long term interest in the agencies performance and

African American history 1600-1877 Research Paper

African American history 1600-1877 - Research Paper Example The events that shaped African American history and converted the blacks from being slave to free people were forced transportation of black people for slave trade,American Revolution,the Great Awakening,the very famous war of 1812 and the civil war.Slave trade is the first incident that shows the deprivation of Black population of their basic human rights as blacks were transported to other lands for labour purposes Second in line is the event of Great Awakening, which helped people to recognize their existence according to their religion, as Great Awakening resulted in unity of Americans and Christianity faith. Third important event is the American Revolution that started in 1775 as clash between the Great Britain and the thirteen British colonies in America. During American Revolution, blacks wanted their rights and human treatment from Americans. British unwillingness to sign the commercial agreement, British support to Indians on American frontiers and failure of British army to withdraw from American territories were the causes of irritation for Americans due to which, the war of 1812 was there. Civil War is the last important event that helped the blacks in gaining freedom as at the end of civil war, formal identity was given to black people as Americans. AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY (1600-1877) African American history revolves around arrival of African American or black American ethnic groups in US. Migration of black people from Carrabin and transportation of slaves in 16th century changed the history of the region. Five very influential events took place from 1600 to 1877. The events that shaped African American history and converted the blacks from being slave to free people were forced transportation of black people for slave trade, American Revolution, the Great Awakening, the very famous war of 1812 and the civil war. Slave trade leads the other events in the African American history. In 1619, first slave was brought to Jamestown as a servant. This e vent opened the doors for bringing non-Christian black people as servants in the US. Number of slaves rose to 25000 in 1700 in American colonies1. Next in order was â€Å"Great Awakening†, known as watershed period in American life. Great Awakening swept the colonies by having greater social and religious effects on the people’s life. Period of 1730-1740 is known as revivalism period that spread throughout in American colonies2. Individual spiritual experiences got importance over the routine church proceedings. After the period of Great Awakening, the next mega event in African American history is American Revolution. It began in 1775 due to conflict between Great Britain and thirteen colonies. After the end of revolution in 1783, another mega event is the war of 1812. War was fought between America and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815 but peace treaty for ending the war was signed in 1814. Than the reconstruction period started in which black people were granted Ameri can citizenship with full rights. Mid eighteenth century saw a big shift in American policies towards black and black people also shifted to south for living the lives as per their own wishes3. The impact of all the events on African American history 1600-1877 shall be discussed in detail in this paper. Great emphasis shall be laid on the war of 1812, because of events taking place during this period. Spanish and Portuguese settlers brought Africans with them in the new world. About 2,75,000 Africans were brought to south and north America at the start of 16th century. First African slave was brought to Jamestown in1619. More Africans were then brought to those areas having good land for cultivation but labour was short. Many slaves used to die during transportation due to inadequate food and medical treatment. Earlier the differences in treating European and African slaves were almost negligible but soon they started differentiating whites from black people in 27th century. Virgini a

Describe how you would distinguish between the chronic forms of Essay

Describe how you would distinguish between the chronic forms of leukemia. The answer should include difference in presenting features of the patient, the prognosis and treatment - Essay Example Thus, four main types of leukemia emerged and include: acute and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML and CML) and acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ALL and CLL) (Ruddon, 2007, p. 75). The chronic forms of leukemia (CML and CLL) will be the focused of the paper. A gradual onset, a prolonged clinical course, and relatively long survival distinguished chronic leukemia from acute leukemia. The two types of chronic leukemia vary in terms of prevalence, presentation, treatment and prognosis. Chronic myeloid leukemia typically developed among men ages 40 and 50 while chronic lymphocytic leukemia rarely strikes before age 45 but most of the victims are over age 65 (Daniels and Nicoll, 2012, p. 771). Presenting features of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia varies. Majority of patients are asymptomatic, however, CBC can detect leukocyte counts of more than 100,000/ mm3 and patients may experience shortness of breath, slight confusion, and enlargement and tenderness of liver and spleen (Day, Paul and Williams, 2009, p. 1005). Lymphadenopathy is rare in CML and patients develop more symptoms (malaise, anorexia, and weight loss) and complications as the disease progresses. Meanwhile, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia present features of lymphadenopathy, elevated lymphocyte counts, fatigue, infection, experience of anxiety and lower quality of life, and social isolation (Daniels and Nicoll, 2012, p. 771). Available treatments for treating chronic myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia also vary. According to Rosdahl and Kowalski (2008), treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia includes observation, chemotherapy, multi-drug chemotherapies, and bone marrow transplant (p. 1050). Oncologists observe the patients for signs and symptoms of the disease prior to the initiation of treatment. Once necessity for treatment is determined, patient will receive chemotherapy or monoclonal antibody but this will not cure the disease. Patient may also receive radiation therapy in

Public Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Public Policy - Assignment Example The social acceptability of a policy proposal is the most important criteria for evaluating public policy proposal or programs. All the policies developed in a society should have the ultimate welfare of the society as the motivating factor. For example, the government of a country that is 70% Muslim realizes that prostitution, being an illegal business, is being conducted in secret. Some of the legislators propose legalization of prostitution so that the government can benefit by getting revenue from the business through taxes (Julnes 124). Some of the legislators argue against it on the grounds that the Muslim culture does not accept prostitution. In an effort to analyze the public policy proposal, the individuals involved are faced with two options; to choose the need for the government to increase revenue or to choose the social acceptability of the policy to the society. In the end, the social acceptability aspect of the policy is the most important; since the welfare of the people should take center stage in such an analysis (Vedung 15). In conclusion, the issue of evaluating and passing judgment on public policies is a complex process that requires taking into consideration all the criteria for the evaluation process. Even so, public policies should be developed such that it benefits the

Patriot act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Patriot act - Essay Example While supporters of the law claims that the law is meant to aid the investigations and arrests of terrorists, its opponents argue that although the law was meant to improve security in the US, it has bestowed the government with too much power that threatens the civil rights and puts democracy at trial. The first account that faces the controversy of the Act involves they way in which the law was passed. The law was passed very quickly, barely one month after the September 11th terror attack. The deliberation of the provision of the act was done in less than 48 hours. This brings in the issue of whether the law was well discussed and evaluated before being passed by the congress. For any Act to be passed into law there is a need to have a comprehensive review of its impact and implication. The law has to be in line with other laws taking consideration of the possibility of contradicting other laws. For instance, the law gives powers to homeland security in regard to surveillance and search and seizure in its operations. However, this tends to contradict several civil liberties enjoyed in the country and which are guaranteed by the constitution. For instance, although the Patriotic Act allows the law enforcement the power to surveillance, search and seizure, the law seems to undermine the right to privacy. Although the constitution does not spell out on the issue of privacy, many Supreme Court decisions have supported the right to privacy. In addition, the power to invade ones premise to search without notification is seen as violation of people’s right to privacy (Greenwald, 2006). In another dimension, the law has also been viewed as an avenue to achieve other hidden agendas by the law enforcement agencies. For instance, instead of the law enforces invading suspects’ homes just for the search of terrorism activities, the law enforcers can take advantage and use the law to achieve their own personal goals. Additionally, it has been argued that the law

Gender Roles In Old Testament Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Roles In Old Testament - Research Paper Example Men and women both are considered saints when they die according to the Testament; there are different aspects of being a saint such as being a martyr, a military leader or a monarch etc. which symbolized the different roles that were played by them in their life as Christians. Jesus is believed to have told his followers in the Testament that God is like their Father and should be addressed so. Catholics and Orthodox Christians also believe that there is a special place for Mary, who was the Mother of Jesus and this shows that they give virtue to the maternal value in Christianity. Protestants, however, don’t believe in the devotion towards Mary, called Marian devotion. (Pierce, Groothuis, & Fee, 2004) The Old Testament describes the journey of Christianity and its beliefs. Christianity came from patriarchal societies which place men in a higher position of command in a marriage bond, in society, government and many other aspects. Christ was inclusive of women, however, apostles were the only male. Marian devotion rose in the Middle Ages and so did chivalry. Women became part of church life later by developing the concept of a convent where women played a role by being religious nuns and sisters. (Barton, 2007) Gender roles have also been debated over the years among people of different beliefs and their different theories, however, there are some views that are widely accepted in our culture and in our practical lives as well. The way of life is shown in the Old Testament; it is a revelation with roles defined for men and women that people often confuse for their own purposes today. It covers what their roles have been since they were created. And it further helps us to overcome barriers, races, cultures etc. and to understand the broader sentiment of the subject.  

Reflection - essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflection - - Essay Example y include water for sanitation use, but also drinking water bottles, and it needs to be known that they are highly expensive across the country, almost around the same price as petrol. We need to take some measures as a country to ensure we utilize water efficiently so as to ensure the resource lasts for a while and our younger one are not deprived of the key resource. To start off with we should limit out use of water, which sheds light on our fist R-Reduce (Roca and Curto, 2007). WE can do this by only consuming water when required, switching off taps when the water is not in use and placing fines on wastage of water. The second R-Reuse tells us to reuse the water rather than wasting used water. To think of it, water used by human can be used for watering soils amongst other things. Also drainage water should be stored and diverted to where it can be used, rather than supplying fresh water. The third and final R is Recycle and focuses on recycling water once it has been used. The water used up can be recycled by plants that can be setup by the UAE government, and then be supplied to the people living in UAE. While its acceptability may cause questions, people sh ould be explained about its benefits to the society as a whole and its use should be

Dangers in the Environment Essay Example for Free

Dangers in the Environment Essay The Dangers within the Environment are affecting our health to means that we wouldn’t believe. We destroy our planets ozone that affects and causes global warming. The pesticides, mercury and carbon dioxide that we release into the environment cause so many health problems to use and our children. It actually affects our children’s health more than it does to use. How can we do this to our environment knowing that it affects our health more and more. Dangers with in our Environment The dangers within the environment that affect our health are increasing day by day. The first thing that is we are doing to the environment is destroying our ozone layer. We are destroying the ozone layer by greenhouse gases. The way we treat our planet is going to affect our health and maybe even kill us because of the toxins and pollutants that we release into our environment. Certain types of pollutants that we release into the environment can cause us to have several complications with our health. The pesticides, mercury and carbon dioxide that we release into the environment cause so many health problems to use and our children. It is not hard to see what we are doing to our planet on a daily basis. There is so much research that shows how much even low level of air pollution affects our health. Carbon dioxide is what we breathe out of our lungs when exhaling. Carbon dioxide is released while we are driving our motor vehicles, using our lawn mowers, and etc. For the one gallon of gasoline that is used in our machines it causes 19. of carbon dioxide to distribute into our environment. Trees absorb the carbon dioxide from the air but if the tree is cut down, burned, or dies then the carbon dioxide will not be absorbed up. When a tree slowly rots then the carbon dioxide is slowly released back into the environment. The pesticides that are toxic to our health and our environment are chemical pesticides. The chemical pesticides that is more dangerous to be farmers, their family members, and other people who use the chemical pesticides. The pesticides are released into the air that we breathe in. The pesticides are left on the produce that they are sprayed on and then remain on the inside of the produce. The pesticides can be rinsed off, but they also can run off into springs, and large bodies of water. In which the pesticides can contaminate our water supply. In the world today everyone is at risk for simple reason that we are destroying our planet. Our world is at a total disaster at how we treat it and take care of it. Individuals that live in the world are at risk form pollutants and toxins that are in the environment that we breathe on a daily basis. The pesticides, mercury and carbon dioxide that we release into the environment cause so many health problems to use and our children. We need to take better care of our environment and worry about our health. People do not care about their health because if they did then they will not smoke cigarettes that affect their health and our environment. If we would save from driving all over the place in our vehicles when you could ride a bike or walk. It could help save our environment from pollutants being disbursed into the air that we breathe.

Learning and Development Essay Example for Free

Learning and Development Essay Strategic activities in organization or at work places are approaches to human resource management that provide a framework to support long term business goals and outcomes, these approaches vary in relation to the business activities itself. Schwab (1980) noted that the growing body of strategic research can be seen in two interrelated ways which are the substantive and measurement streams. The substantive stream refers to studies which emphasizes on the physiology or character of a theoretical relationship between independent and dependent variables while the measurement stream focuses on the outcome of the correlation between the underlying theoretical concept and operationalization itself (Venkatraman and Grant 1986). This academic article tries to look at more of the measurement stream in relation to training, learning and development based on previous academic articles and my own general understanding of how truly these strategic these concepts are or not. Learning training and development are human resource development activities and over time, two factors have influenced these concepts towards being part of the evolutional role of the formulating business strategy which are the centrality of information technology to business success and the sustainable competitive advantage offered by work force expertise (Swanson and Terraco 1995) Critical business issues from new marketing strategies to innovations in production technology are based on, among other factors, the performance capabilities of those expected to use these new work systems, this means that employee expertise itself has been expanded through effective programs of employee development. Therefore activities of human resource development in the work place such as learning training and development have truly been strategic by maintaining the pace with the increasingly sophisticated information and production technologies that continue to diffuse throughout vital industries of the world (swanson and terraco1994). The conceptualization of strategic human resource management as a management system which matches business concerns with human resource activities (Beer et al 1984;miles and snow 1984) have been referred to as a high performance work system(HPWS)(Bercker et al 1196) which is characterized by provision of employee development and training activities in with the business strategy(Aurthur 1994: Huselid 1995; Jackson and Schuler 1995;MacDuffie 1995) for example,selction, development and rewards involves the internal combination of procedures across the hr function. This shows the degree of emphases placed on the link between human resource activities and business need in relation to strategy (Baird and Meshoulam 1988; Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall 1988; Fisher 1989; Boxall 1992; Mabey and Iles 1993; Schuler 1992).  Successful internal integration of HR activities results in organizational benefits (Becker et al. 1996). This essay of mine attempts to show the link among learning train ing and development as a strategy to organization. Learning and development as an approach of strategy stands for how an organization make sure that the present and future learning and development activities support the achievements of its goals by improving skills and capabilities of individuals and teams.. it should be business directed, this means that it should be designed to help the attainment of business goals by promoting human capital management(Armstrong 2009). Learning can be defined as a means by which a person acquire and develop new knowledge, skills, capabilities, behaviors and attitudes† Armstrong 2011 pg 664. Honey and Mumford noted explained learning happens when people show that they know they didn’t prior to the time they are now. The enhancement of capabilities previously had which leads to skills, knowledge and attitudes through a continual process that tends to prepare people for more responsibities in the future is the act of learning. Estherby-smith et al (2000) agreed to the fact that there is a debate whether learning should be defined as change in cognition or behaviors, thus showing that researchers would agree with defining learning as a change in organizations knowledge and is a fuction of experience. Learning and development as a strategy is concerned with creating a learning culture that will encourage learning and will provide a basis for planning and implementing learning activities and programmes(Armstrong 2011) this means that for an organization to use the concept of learning as a strategy is has to imbibe the learning culture which is one that learning that is practiced from top management, line managers and employees generally as an essential way of doing things in the firm which they commit to and continuously done. A learning organization was deined by senge(1990) as one where people learn together, where collective aspiration is set free, where there is nuturinng of expansive pattern of thinking and they continuously enlarge their capabilities to create outcomes they truly desire. I have previously mentioned development with learning because both of the them are related when one think about it generally but would like to define it now in the next paragraph. i would be explaining learning and developments together as being strategic. Development can be defined as concerned withensuring that a perons ability and potential are grown and raised in the process of learning experiences or through self directed learning. Development is the end product of true learning which can be seen through changes in outcome of pre and post learning activities i. e the change from the present state of understanding and capabilitiy to a new and higher level of knowledge, skills and abilities. These processes of learning and developments wouldnot take place not to now talk of being strategic without individuals in the organization, this means that individual members are the organism through which organizational learning and development take place. The knowledge embedded in that or those individuals have to be reposited to other people in the firm to gain competitive advantage which is the whole reason for the strategy in itself which are affected by the following factors explained by Argote(2011). Firstly, the experience of the organization affects the organizational learning,this done not by characterizing experience at a gross level , but taking a fine grained approach to describing or noting its elements along with various dimensions( Argote et al 2002). the purpose of taking this approach is to be be able to tell when experience is positive or negative in relation to the processes and outcomes in order to be able to explain relationships amongst the types of experience and to design the learning experience in order to be strategic about the learning. Secondly is the process of organizational learning itself, which is conceived as having three processes: creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. Not much research has been done on creation unlike knowledge retention and transfer. Empirical research over at least the last twenty years that there would be significant difference innovative capabilities of a firm and its knowledge through it transfers within the firm (easterby et all 2008) this is key to the success of the ensuring of the strategy of the firm. This depends on characteristics of the individual that has the knowledge, recipient, attributes of the knowledge and the knowledge transfer process itself as an mportant factor to developing learning capabilities which lead to competitive advantage of the firm (Grant 1996) Another factor is the that could lad to learning being a succes is thr stratetic management it self,peopke whoput these learning and development strategy into place itself. Dynamic capabilities which is an example of strategic management are impotant concepts in relation to organisational learning and its sub process. ‘a greater understanding of how dynamic capabilities develop through organizational learning is needed† Argate 2011 pg Contextuality is also another factor that affects learning which is characterized by the situation and envitonment in which the company finds it self. Oragnisational learniong can do well in an environment which its stability varies with time or turbulent (herdberg 981) little inducement of learning occurs in an environment that’s stable while in a too turbulent environment, the organisation would not be able to interpret environmental responses(bierly and hamalainen 1995) if care is not taken,learning under ambiguity may occur which march and olsen 1975 defined as a situation where the environment is unanalysable and the learning cyle still continues and percieved as an interpretation or meaning. â€Å" Knowledge capabilities are at the heart of the effectiveness of organizations. Since the market and competitive environment of all companies is rapidly changing, the value of existing capabilities will quickly decay, resulting in a lack of competitiveness. It is imperative for organizations to focus on developing their knowledge capabilities on an ongoing basis, or they will face extinction. Organizational development must be centered on the continual enhancement of knowledge capabilities, as the foundation of organizational effectiveness in all fields† Dawson 2000. Armstrong(2009) identified the following elements needed for learning and development to be really strategic and they go follows: it should make a major contribution to the successful attainment of the organizations objective and investments: it should be integrated with and support the achievement of business and human resource strategies: it should be designed un such a way that it would achieve improvement in corporate functional and maximum development in skills and knowledge of people in the organization; equal opportunity for everyone in the organization to develop their skills and knowledge while attaining personal development through the framework of individual and self directed learning but still maintain the primary knowledge of knowing that this is dependent on the employee themselves who be guided and supported by their manager as necessary with the members of the hr department.

Discover Ambiguities Or Omissions

Discover Ambiguities Or Omissions An automatic ticket issuing system sells rail tickets.   Users select their destination, and input a credit card and a personal identification number.   The rail ticket is issued and their credit card account charged with its cost.   When the user presses the start button, a menu display of potential destinations is activated along with a message to the user to select a destination.   Once a destination has been selected, users are requested to input their credit card.   Its validity is checked and the user is then requested to input a personal identifier.   When the credit transaction has been validated, the ticket is issued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ambiguities and omissions include: Can a customer buy several tickets for the same destination together or must they be bought one at a time? Can customers cancel a request if a mistake has been made? How should the system respond if an invalid card is input? What happens if customers try to put their card in before selecting a destination (as they would in ATM machines)? Must the user press the start button again if they wish to buy another ticket to a different destination? Should the system only sell tickets between the station where the machine is situated and direct connections or should it include all possible destinations? What type of input device (touchscreen vs. keyboard)? Ticket prices Room on train (assumes tickets have times on them) Train departure and arrival times.   Do customers buy tickets for a specific train? Or for any trip along the route?   (If the latter, then no way to tell if all the seats on a train are sold out, nor can you do seat assignments.) Seat assignments (see above) Print receipt? Rewrite the above description using the structured approach described in the study text. Resolve the identified ambiguities in some appropriate way. Function Give customer a rail ticket, and charge credit account or take cash from customer and give the customer, a rail ticket. Description Determine customers destination, calculate the charge for the trip, and charge the customer the appropriate amount. If charge is complete, print the ticket, otherwise, print no ticket, and report error to customer. Inputs Destination, credit card number and PIN. Outputs Tickets, error messages Action Ask the customer for their destination, when input, calculate the total, and prompt to insert a credit card, prompt customer for PIN, prompt customer that the transaction is taking place, if successful print the ticket and return to start state, if unsuccessful, ask customer to swipe their card again and re-input the PIN. If unsuccessful again, prompt that the transaction has failed, and return to start state. Requires Destination, credit card number and PIN Pre-condition None Post-condition None Side effects Charge to the customers credit account Write the user requirements definitions. The services provided for the user and the non-functional system requirements should be described. Also description may use natural language, diagrams or other nations that are understandable by customers. Product and process standards which must followed should be specified The actors in the system are the passenger, the counter clerk and the reservation system consisting of form processing, reservation, fare computation, ticket processing, ticket printing, collection of fare amount and posting as sub-systems. The passenger is a passive user-actor who initiates the process and obtains the ticket(s), a goal of measurable value. The counter clerk is an active user-actor, who triggers the system and has the role of issuing the tickets with the responsibility of collecting the correct fare amount from the passenger, which is a measurable value. Predesigned and deployed ticket reservation system at the back end is a system actor-user to ensure that ticket processing is done correctly and different system statuses are updated on issuing of tickets. This actor has an active role and responsibility at the back end. Write the system requirements specifications. System Requirement The passenger has a prior knowledge of the reservation and ticketing system. The passenger arrives at the railway ticket counter and interacts with the counter clerk first through an enquiry and then follows the process of form filling, tendering, payment and collecting the tickets. Passenger accepts the ticket or leaves the counter. Passenger seeks information on fare, train timings and availability of tickets. Passenger can have single ticket or multiple tickets. Journey begins on a day and will be over with one break in between. Passenger is identified by name, age, sex and address. Trains are identified by name and number. No receipt is issued for money transacted. Output of the system is ticket(s) with details. The process is triggered through a form filled by the passenger detailing the requirements of tickets, train, date, etc. A form is used for each train. If the journey requires use of multiple trains, separate forms are used for each train. Draw a sequence diagram showing the actions performed in the ticket-issuing system. You may make any reasonable assumptions about the system. Pay particular attention to specifying user errors. Database Ticket System Destination Request Destination Find Destination Calculate Total Credit Card Request Credit Card No Pin Request Validate Card Pin Invalid Card Insufficient Credit Charge Card Transacting Print Ticket Write a set of non-functional requirements setting out its expected reliability and its response time. The ticket system shall respond to user inputs to provide tickets and charge accounts in a timely manner. The system shall continue to function so long as roll of ticket paper is in the machine, and a network connection is provided for the destination database and credit transactions. Upon receipt of the destination from the user, the database shall be accessed to determine the distance from the units location, to the desired destination, and calculate the appropriate fee. The unit shall then prompt the user to input their card information, and the unit shall verify that the card is a credit card, is valid, and has sufficient credit to be charged. Upon successful verification, the unit shall print a ticket, and return to its ready state, for the next transaction to take place. The reliability this system relies on the durability of the physical user interface, the network connection in the area the system is placed, the size of the ticket rolls that the unit can accept, and the mecha nism for dispensing the tickets. The estimated time for a complete transaction would be about thirty seconds, giving twenty for the user interactions, five for validation and verification of the users account, and five for printing and dispensing the ticket. Develop a set of use-cases that could serve as a basis for understanding the requirements for ticket-issuing system. Briefly describe the requirements validation process. Discuss all the checks that you have to perform to validate the above requirements in ticket-issue system 1. Customer inserts her credit card into the machine. 2. ATM checks the card number. 3. ATM asks for the pin-code. 4. User enters the pin-code. 5. ATM requests database to validate the credit card. 6. The action options are presented to the customer. 7. Customer chooses to print out account information. 8. ATM checks if enough paper is present print cartridge is not empty. 9. ATM sends request to the database. 10. ATM prints out the data and informs user of it. 11. User removes the printout from the machine. 12. Action options are presented again. 13. Customer chooses a sum from the list. 14. Customer confirms that she wants to get the selected amount of money. 15. ATM checks the physically available money. 16. ATM checks requests customers balance data from the database. 17. ATM requests the database to debit the customers account. 18. ATM returns the users card. 19. User picks up the card. 20. ATM provides cash. 21. User picks up the cash. 22. ATM asks the user whether she wants a receipt. Create a semantic data model for the above scenario Payment Processing System Ticket Issue System User Interface System What is the impact if when the customer pays cash, he is allowed not to have the exact amount? In such case there would be a problem as to how the customer would be returned his remaining amount. Thus such cases should also be considered in designing the system.

Thomas Paine :: essays research papers

Library: Historical Documents: Thomas Paine: Rights Of Man: Part The First -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Order The Rights of Man now. Part The First Being An Answer To Mr. Burke's Attack On The French Revolution -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- George Washington PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SIR, I present you a small treatise in defence of those principles of freedom which your exemplary virtue hath so eminently contributed to establish. That the Rights of Man may become as universal as your benevolence can wish, and that you may enjoy the happiness of seeing the New World regenerate the Old, is the prayer of SIR, Your much obliged, and Obedient humble Servant, THOMAS PAINE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Author's Preface to the English Edition From the part Mr. Burke took in the American Revolution, it was natural that I should consider him a friend to mankind; and as our acquaintance commenced on that ground, it would have been more agreeable to me to have had cause to continue in that opinion than to change it. At the time Mr. Burke made his violent speech last winter in the English Parliament against the French Revolution and the National Assembly, I was in Paris, and had written to him but a short time before to inform him how prosperously matters were going on. Soon after this I saw his advertisement of the Pamphlet he intended to publish: As the attack was to be made in a language but little studied, and less understood in France, and as everything suffers by translation, I promised some of the friends of the Revolution in that country that whenever Mr. Burke's Pamphlet came forth, I would answer it. This appeared to me the more necessary to be done, when I saw the flagrant misrepresentations which Mr. Burke's Pamphlet contains; and that while it is an outrageous abuse on the French Revolution, and the principles of Liberty, it is an imposition on the rest of the world. I am the more astonished and disappointed at this conduct in Mr. Burke, as (from the circumstances I am going to mention) I had formed other expectations. I had seen enough of the miseries of war, to wish it might never more have existence in the world, and that some other mode might be found out to settle the differences that should occasionally arise in the neighbourhood of nations. This certainly might be done if Courts were disposed to set honesty about it, or if countries were enlightened enough not to be made the dupes of Courts.

The Necessity Of Bilingual Education In Our Society Essay -- Language

The Necessity Of Bilingual Education In Our Society Bilingual Education has been a controversial subject within the educational system since its inception in 1974. It is of great importance to define the term "Bilingual" which is " The ability to speak and understand two languages". Included in this definition is the implied ability to transfer knowledge , skills and concepts from the first language to the second language148. It is important because it is upon the ability of the student to transfer knowledge to the second language that is the key to the success of Bilingual Education. The implementation of bilingual education surfaced as a consequence of the Lau vs. Nichols decision, which stated that schools must provided some kind of special help to those children who do not speak English . The Lau decision held that those students that do not speak English were denied equal treatment under the Civil Right Act of 1964, if they were to be taught in the same manner as the English speaking children. In 1976, following the Lau decision, California adopted the Chacon-Moscone Bilingual Bicultural Education Act A.B.507 which established specific bilingual program requirements for identification, instruction, staffing assignments, classroom composition, reclassification and parent involvement. In 1980 this act was amended , adding to the above that its primary goal was to move pupils into English as the language of instruction as " effective and efficiently as possible." This amendment changed the above original Act to a more complex set of requirements that included Language Arts and Math in the students native language , English Language Development (ESL), Social Science, Music, Art and P.E . This curriculum utilizes Spec... ... of home and community". (95) Let us not forget that this country began as the chosen land of immigrants. Works Cited Joh, Jason, 147Cultural Diversity and Education148, Education in American Society School of Education, CSUN -1994 (2-8) Krashen, Steven & Biber, Douglass, On Course: Bilingual Education 145s Success in California . California Association for Bilingual Education, Sacramento, California. 1988 (27) Crawford , James, Bilingual Education : History , Politics , Theory and Practice Crane Publishing Company, New Jersey, 1989 (39) Hardy, Terri, Daily News 147Bilingual grads surpass native peers on test148 June 22, 1998 (front page) Hooks, Bell - Lunsford, Andrea/Ruszkiewicz, John The Presence of Others: Voices that Call for Response, 147Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education148, St. Martin146s Press, Inc. New York, NY. (2nd. ed.) (95)

Performance-based Compensation - Pay for Performance Essay -- Job Work

Performance-based Compensation - Pay for Performance Corporations are looking for new ways to improve employee performance as well as remain competitive. Pay for performance is one method some businesses are utilizing to improve employee performance. Performance-based compensation exists when compensation is tied directly to that portion of an individual’s performance that can be effectively measured. There are a number of ways in which this may be accomplished and a number of examples as well how it is applied. One of the oldest examples is taken from the ancient Egyptians, where slaves working in the pyramids were given bread for superior performance. Payment of commission for sales production is one of the methods used today. Most will agree that knowledge is the ‘key’ resource in this post-industrial economy. The challenge for many companies is developing an organization that creates and cultivates knowledge and learning. Pay plays a significant role in shaping workplace behavior. Most of the traditional pay systems reward the job the individual performs rather than the skills he/she brings to the job. The system is not being able to reward the things the company needs and this presents a barrier. The trend has moved away from pay for the value of the job, service and seniority. It is being replaced with paying for skills, knowledge, competency, performance and productivity, all which can be delivered through different invitations, from changes to base pay to introducing gainsharing. HOW DOES PAY FOR PERFORMANCE WORK? If part or all of the one’s salary is contingent on how well you actually perform your job, one will go the extra mile. The individual will attack his/her work with vigor and revel in the rewards. And... ...aining 34, Number 12 (December 1998): 34-40 Hays, Scott. "Pros & Cons of Pay for Performance." Workforce 78, Number 2 (February 1997): 68-72 Johnson, Sam T. "Plan your organization’s reward strategy through pay for performance dynamics: Compensation & Benefits Review 30, Number 3: (May/June 1998): 67-72 Kalbaugh, G. Edward. "Opportunity Compensation." Rough Notes 141, Number 7 (July 1998): 71-72 Marino, Sal F. "Pay your rank and file fairly." Industry Week 248, Number 3 (February 1999): 18 Morrison, Arnold. "Performance Management and Pay Programs." [http://www/mdcs.state.mi.us/wf_aquis/Programs2.htm]. April 1997. "Bonus and Incentive Pay Plans – FAQ." [http://www.ipma-hr.org/research/bonusfaq.htm]. January 1999. "Guidelines for Administration of Merit Pay Plan." [http://www.hr.ucsd.edu/docs/classification/merits/guideline.html]. September 1998.

Royal Dutch Shell

Royal Dutch Shell: Human Rights in Nigeria Case Analysis International Business April 22, 2013 The History Royal Dutch Shell is a global company. It has about 93,000 employees and is located in more than 90 countries. It is an energy and petrochemicals business. In the US it was founded in 1912 by the American Gasoline Company to sell gasoline along the Pacific Coast, and Roxanna Petroleum to buy oil product properties in Oklahoma (according to Shell. US website). However, it was founded in 1907 in Europe when Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and the Shell Transport and Trading Company Ltd merged.This was done to help the company compete globally. It has done several mergers and buyouts in its hundred plus years of business. Throughout the years Shell has made changes in their business to better compete in the market from becoming a global business to investing in research and development in the newest and latest energy technologies. Today it is in the top six of oil and gas companies. It produces around 3. 1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. The Problem The Guardian News has run an article reporting on the inconsistencies of what the Royal Dutch Shell has committed to and the reality of the situation.Two hospitals that we built in the Ogoni region of Nigeria are diametrically opposite of each other in health standards and overall aesthetics. The company has reported that it is committed to the social well-being of the area, but the reality is completely different. The Situation The situation is that we have as part of the 1996 â€Å"Ogani Reconciliation† plan committed to the social and economic well-being of the local communities. There has been millions of dollars sent to the country allocated to the areas of hospitals and medical care as well as to other needs.Though resources have been sent to build hospitals for the region, the reality is that any of the improvements that was said to be done are seriously subpar to any health standard of any country. Improvements have been done with little regard to the needs of the people and were primarily done so that it can be said that the company was committed to the local region. Though millions has been sent to the country, much of this has been siphoned off to other areas of government and possible to fill the pockets of people that are in the place of authority. Also, some decisions have been made without direct input from the region itself.What to build? Where to build? How to allocate resources? These are all questions that need a comprehensive answer that involves each of the concerned parties. It is concerning that these issues have been allowed to happen. A company of their size and magnitude should not have allowed these community projects be the mockery of the press. Royal Dutch Shell is a company that has many well rounded and sound business plans. The execution and maintenance of these business plans is one of Shell’s main issues. They have the ability to creat e great business plans but lack the commitment to maintain them and sometime execute them in all areas.Marketing Issues The company has had a lot of negative publicity due to the companies operation in the Ogani region of Nigeria. The company is seen to be working hand-in-hand with Nigerian security personnel with little regard to the local minority people of that region. This is causing violence and unrest of the region as well sabotage of the oil pipelines causing oil spills and environmental damage. Actions For the short term, we need to consider the following objectives: * One of the first steps is to make sure the hospital consistently has the electricity and the fuel to run a backup generator.Provide backup generators with the fuel to run them when necessary. If a lavish hospital can be kept up for the employees of our company we can keep up adequate levels of care of Gokana. This will serve as big public relations improvement. * The company should use its knowledge to help ou t the struggling hospital and install wind and solar power technology so they can lower the cost of electricity and help improve a bad situation. * The company should consider helping and sharing their equipment, employees, ambulances, etc. with the hospital in Ogoniland.This will show the community that Shell is â€Å"being a good neighbor†, which in turn would boost the communities morale. * Making improvements on the hospital will directly affect the people of the region. * Setup a working committee with MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People) and Nigerian national representatives, as well as an independent group to oversee any agreements. * Work with the region to start making the improvements that will directly affect the people of the region. * Take responsibility of the oil spills due to company failure and get these cleaned up. Take responsibility for all of the pollution * Use the people of the company to reach out into the community and start community clean up days so the people can help clean up their community and also have a little ownership into the improvements. * Review the companies committees and oversight boards and make sure that the people in place are committed to working with the region. * Reach out to the community with surveys to the people to get their feelings about Shell and what they would like to see improve. * Once improvements are made hold a press conference to help with the PR of the company.It is obvious that the public relations area has suffered. Make it a point to show what is being done to help the area. The long term goals would be to: * Work with the MOSOP to get a comprehensive plan in place that will work to end the protests and sabotage of company pipelines. * Put a sustainable corporate plan in place with independent review that all policies are being adhered to by all officers pertinent to this region. * By getting these agreements, and with the investments in the local infrastructure will cau se less problems that will need money allocated to them. Work to develop better company practices to promote a higher sense of ethics and their climates in the work place * Change their business approach from an egoistic approach to a principal-based approach (integrity approach based on laws) Conclusion Caution will be needed due to the political environment and instability of Nigeria. The company will always need to be aware of what is going on politically on both the national and local levels. The corporate actions taken by Royal Dutch Shell has affected and destroyed a community.The company has tried to recover and fixed what they have done but they have not succeeded in doing so. Royal Dutch Shell has to build a relationship of trust with the Nigerian community. They have to let the community be heard when they are reaching out to let the company know what they need and allow them to be part of the reconstruction and rebuilding of their community. Shell is a very lucrative comp any that makes millions of dollars a day; they would be very hurt to lose this business operation base in Nigeria. Shell went from an egoistic operation in Nigeria to a principle based operation.If Shell even took on a larger sense of social responsibility, they would have gained a larger competitive advantage over the competition. Though the company was acquitted of several charges in January of 2013 by the Dutch courts and made responsible for the oil spills on the last count, there will be unrest in the local region as they want to make the company responsible for all of the problems. Careful steps will need to be taken to address the concerns in such a way to help the region and to lessen the criticism of the people and media.

Should Any Vaccines Be Required for Children?

SHOULD ANY VACCINES BE REQUIRED FOR CHILDREN? SHOULD ANY VACCINES BE REQUIRED FOR CHILDREN? Most Vaccinations protect people from certain diseases which can make them sick, disabled or can in some cases even kill them. The vaccination helps boosts people’s body’s defence system, also known as the immune system. Vaccines create immunity which protects people from infections without causing suffering of the disease itself. Vaccines can also be called shots, immunizations or needles. (Smith, n. d. ) Most vaccines contain a disease that is either very weak or dead.However, they do not contain a type of disease that can make people sick. Some vaccines do not contain any germs at all. Putting that little bit of disease inside the body makes the body’s defence system produce antibodies which fight off that kind of disease. The body makes antibodies in two different ways, one way is by getting the disease or the vaccine, however getting the vaccine is much safer when mak ing the antibodies without having the risk of become disabled or maybe dying. The antibodies stay with the human for a very long period of time.These antibodies remember how to fight off a certain disease, which means that if the germ causes that disease enters the body at a later date, the body’s defence system will automatically know how to fight it off because of the antibodies. Most of the time the body’s defence system will remember how to fight the disease/germ for the rest of the human’s life. However, sometimes defence systems need a little reminder, a booster shot to remind the defence system how to fight off the disease/germ. In the first two years of a baby’s life they are given several different vaccines to protect them.The table below shows each vaccine that a baby gets all the way up to six years old. The table also shows how many doses a baby’s get of each vaccine and when they are given them. The majority of babies do not have side effects from vaccines, however if they do they are normally nothing serious. ‘Some vaccines may cause low fever, a rash or soreness at the spot where the shot was given. Although the body may seem like it is getting sick after the vaccination, these reactions are good signs that the immune system is working and learning to fight off infections’ ((CDC), n. . ). In rare cases, a baby may have a serious allergic reaction to a vaccine. Signs of a serious allergic reaction include: * Breathing problems and wheezing * Swelling of the throat * Being hoarse * Weakness * Dizziness * Fast heartbeat * Hives * Paleness ((CDC), n. d. ) Vaccinations are quick and highly effective. Once a child has been vaccinated against a disease, their body can then fight that disease more effectively if they come into contact with it. If a child is not vaccinated they can have an increased risk of catching the illness. (CDC), n. d. ) Age| Vaccine| Information| Problems| 2 Months old| 5-in-1 (DTaP/ IPV/Hib)| ‘The 5-in-1 (DTaP/IPV/Hib) vaccine is used to protect against separate disease which include: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough, Polio and Haemophilus influenza type b’. (NHS, n. d. )| ‘Diphtheria: Can be a highly contagious infection that generally affects the throat and nose and less commonly, it can affect the skin. The bacteria spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes and their saliva enter another person’s nose or mouth.The symptoms of Diphtheria include: * High temperature (fever) * Sore throat * Breathing difficultiesTetanus: Tetanus is a very serious infection but is also very rare. It is caused by bacteria. It normally occurs when an open wound becomes contaminated. If it is not treated it may lead to complications which can end up being fatal. Tetanus is caused by a type of bacteria called Clostridium tentai. This bacteria can live in many different substances which include: * Soil * House dust * Animal and human waste (manure )Whooping Cough: Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs and airways.The conditions usually begin with a continuing dry and irritating cough which then progresses into intense coughing’. ‘This is then followed by a distinctive whooping noise, which is how the condition gets its name. Symptoms include: * Runny or blocked nose * Sneezing * Watering eyes * Dry, irritating cough * Sore throat * Raised temperature * Feeling generally unwell. Polio: Polio is a highly contagious viral infection that can lead to paralysis, breathing problems and even death.Although polio can cause paralysis and death the vast majority of people who are infected with the polio do not become sick and are never aware they’ve been infected with polio. Signs and Symptoms will generally last one to ten days, these include: * Fever * Sore Throat * Headache * Vomiting * Fatigue * Back pain or stiffness * Neck or stiffness * Pain or stiffness in arms or legs * Muscl e spasms or tendernessHaemophilus influenza type b’: This is a bacterial infection that can cause a number of serious illnesses such as pneumonia or meningitis, especially in young children.Hib can cause any of the following infections: * Meningitis * Pneumonia * Pericarditis * Epiglottitis * Septic arthritis * CellulitisSome of these infections can lead to blood poisoning, which can be fatal. Symptoms of this include: * Fever * Lethargy * Vomiting * Stiff neck(NHS, n. d. )| 2 Months old| Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine| ‘The Pneumococcal vaccine is used to protect infants and young children against the caused by a bacterium. There are currently three PCV vaccines available. ’ (Wikipedia, n. d. | The Pneumococcal disease is caused by a bacterium, which can lead to serious infections in the lungs, blood and brain. You can catch the bacteria from people who cough or sneeze around you. Even if you get good medical care pneumonia can be deadly. The disease is hard to trea t because the bacterium becomes resistant to antibiotics. Some common symptoms include: * A high temperature * Chills * Sweats * Aches and pains * Headache * A general sense of feeling unwell Other symptoms may include: * Nausea * Vomiting * Tiredness(NHS, n. d. | 3 months old| 5-in-1 (DTap/IPV/Hib) Vaccine; Second Dose| ‘This vaccine is used to protect against separate diseases: Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Whooping cough, Polio and Haemophilus influenza type b. ’ This vaccine is a booster because your memory cells may need a reminder to protect you from the disease. (NHS, n. d. )| Refer to: 2 months- 5-in-1 (DTap/IPV/Hib) Vaccine. If the second dose of the vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from things such as Tetanus and Whooping cough because they are not taking every little bit of the vaccination course which they need to protect them in the future. 3 months old| Meningitis C| ‘The Meningitis C vaccine is conjugate vaccine against Gro up C meningitis. The Meningitis C vaccine was introduced in 1999 and in Ireland in 2000. It provides excellent protection against meningitis caused by Group C’. (Meningitiswise, n. d. )| Meningococcal disease is caused from a bacterial infection which is caused by an organism called Neisseria meningitides. This bacterium can cause an epidemic disease. The disease is transmitted through droplets or coughing and sneezing, or more directly through kissing.For the disease to go from person to person there has to be either frequent contact or prolonged contact. Signs and Symptoms of Meningitis C:Early Stages of infection: * Fever * Stiff neck * Severe headache * Pain in back or joints * Vomiting * A high pitched, moaning cry for babies * Difficult to wake (babies) * Pale of blotchy skin (babies)Later stages on infection: * Dislike of bright lights (photophobia) * Reduced awareness/drowsiness (can lead to a coma) * Bruise-like rash that does not fade under pressure. Meningitis is v ery serious and must be treated straight away. (1999, n. d. | 4 months old| 5-in-1 (DTap/IPV/Hib) Vaccine; Third Dose| ‘This vaccine is used to protect against separate disease: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough, Polio and Haemophilus influenza type b. ’ This vaccine is a booster because your memory cells may need a reminder to protect you from the disease. (NHS, n. d. )| Refer to: 3 months- 5-in-1 (DTap/IPV/Hib) Vaccine. If the third dose of this vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from things such as Tetanus and Whooping cough because they are not taking every little bit of the vaccination which they need to protect them in the future. 4 months old| Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine; Second Dose| ‘This vaccine is used to protect infants and young children against the bacterium. There are currently three PCV vaccines available’. This vaccine is a booster because your memory cells may need a reminder to protect you from the disease. ( Wikipedia, n. d. )| Refer to: 2 months- Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine. If the second dose of this vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from the disease. They will not be protected because they are not taking the full course of the vaccination. 4 months old| Meningitis C; Second Dose| ‘The Meningitis C vaccine is conjugate vaccine against Group C meningitis’. (Meningitiswise, n. d. ). The second dose is given as a booster vaccine; this is given to remind your memory cells that they need to protect you for the disease. | Refer to: 3 months- Meningitis C. if the second dose of this vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from the disease. They will not be protected because they are not taking the full course of the vaccination. Between 12 and 13 months old| Hib/Men C booster| ‘This vaccine helps boosts children’s protection against two different disease, these are Haemophilus and Meningitis C infections. They are both serious infections and can both cause blood poisoning’. (NHS, n. d. )| This vaccination is given as a single injection which basically boosts the babies’ protection against Haemophilus influenza type b and meningitis C. (NHS, n. d. )| Between 12 and 13 months old| Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) Vaccine| ‘Measles, Mumps and Rubella are highly infectious conditions.The MMR vaccine contains weakened versions of live measles, mumps and rubella viruses. The vaccine works by triggering the immune system to produce antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella’. (NHS, n. d. )| The first MMR vaccine is given as a single injection to babies as part of their routine vaccinations, usually within a month of their first birthday. The MMR vaccine can sometimes be given earlier than their first birthday if the baby has been exposed to the measles virus.Signs and Symptoms: * Small rash of bruise-like spots * Small chance of seizures * High temperature * Loss of ap petite * General feeling of being unwell * Swelling of the glands in the cheek, neck or under the jaw. (NHS, n. d. )| Between 12 and 13 months old| Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine; Third dose| ‘This vaccine is used to protect infants and young children against the bacterium. There are currently three PCV vaccines available. ’ This vaccine is a booster because your memory cells may need a reminder to protect you from the disease. (Wikipedia, n. d. | Refer to: 4 months- Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine. If the second dose of this vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from the disease. They will not be protected because they are not taking the full course of the vaccination. | 3 years and 4 months old, or soon after| Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) Vaccine; second dose| Measles, Mumps and Rubella are highly infectious conditions. The MMR vaccine contains weakened versions of live measles, mumps and rubella viruses. The vaccine works by triggering the immune system to produce antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella’ (NHS, n. . ). The second dose is given as a booster vaccine; this is given to remind your memory cells that they need to protect you for the disease. | Refer to: between 12 and 13 months. Measles, mumps and rubella vaccination. If this second dose is not taken then the baby will not be protected from this disease, this is because they have not taken the full course of the vaccination. | 3 years and 4 months old, or soon after| 4-in-1 (DTaP/IPV) pre-school booster| ‘The DTaP/IPV vaccine boosts children’s protection against four serious childhood diseases; these are Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough and Polio.The vaccine is recommended for children about three years and four months old. There are two vaccines available, one contains higher-strength Diphtheria and the other contains lower-strength Diphtheria. (NHS, n. d. )| This vaccine is given to three-year-old children to boost their protection a gainst: * Diphtheria * Tetanus * Whooping cough * PolioChildren are routinely vaccinated against these illnesses as babies. This booster increases their immunity even further. (NHS, n. d. )| (NHS, n. d. : I have chosen to use this table from the NHS website because I think that the information that is given useful. It is also reliable because it has come from a trustworthy website. Pro’s and Con’s of Vaccinations: Vaccines can impose some risks. It is important that parents consider the benefits and risks of vaccines when they are decided whether or not they should have their child/children vaccinated. Many people need to realise that when considering vaccination, one of the most important questions asked is ‘does the risk of the disease over weigh the risk of the vaccination? This does include the risk of being exposed to certain diseases. There are about 12 diseases that are considered serious and have been vaccinated against, these include: Measles, Mumps, Rub ella, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Polio, Hepatitis A and B, Pneumococcal disease, chicken pox and HIB disease. The vaccinations that are given for these diseases help play a large role in lowering the risk of exposure to the diseases. (2000, n. d. ) This graph is showing that since 1989 up to 2000 the number of ases of Mumps has decreased dramatically and also it is showing that a lot more people are having the MMR vaccination. We know this because of the number of notifications for mumps has decreased dramatically. There are many more pros than cons I think when it comes to vaccinations. These include your child will be safe during the first years of his/her life. Mortality can be prevented even in dangerous and life threatening diseases, when you child catches diseases now or later on in life, he’ll/she’ll likely to have it milder than you would expect.Contagious diseases can be prevented especially if your child is in his/her pre-school years and the risk o f complications are lower than those who do not go through with vaccinations. Also there will be less health issues by this I mean disability, there will be less cost on the society via disability benefits but also there will be a better life for individuals. Most parents today haven’t seen a child suffer with an infection such as Tetanus or Polio so it is very easy for them to say that vaccinations against such illnesses are not necessary.However the vaccination routine is the only reason why such infections have been nearly completely wiped out in the UK. If a certain number of children do not have the vaccinations then it will not be long before the diseases appear again. Vaccinations are a very powerful preventative tool. They work by exposing the immune system to something that resembles the disease. The body’s own immune system responds and is then able to build up some sort of immunity that protects us in the case of infection by a live virus.The effectiveness o f vaccines is proved by the fact that smallpox has been completely wiped out, and the incidence of other serious illnesses has lowered a lot since the introduction of vaccinations. | Maximum number of Annual Cases in Pre-Vaccine Era (Year)| Number of cases in 2009| Percent Change| Diphtheria| 12,641 (1899)| 0| -100. 00| Measles| 52,866 (1952)| 2| -99. 99| Mumps| 18,709 (1957)| 13| -99. 93| Pertussis| 13,333 (1937)| 371| -97. 22| Polio| 3,950 (1955)| 0| -100. 00| Rubella| 34,148 (1943)| 1| -99. 9| Tetanus| 45 (1925)| 0| -100. 00| HIB| 147 (1987)| 1| -99. 32| Chickenpox| 23,768 (1953)| 2,219| -90. 66| (LaMorte, n. d. ) This table is showing how vaccinations have helped the number of cases of disease and infections. I think this source is reliable because it clearly shows that number of cases for each disease has dropped dramatically because more and more are having the vaccinations. However everything has two sides. No vaccination is 100% safe, and there are always certain risks invol ved in vaccinations.If people are not vaccinated there is a high chance that the risk of disease will increase dramatically because people aren’t protecting and preventing themselves from specific diseases and infections. Also there will be a major increase in health risk, by this I mean that there will be a lot more children with a weaker immune system which will them lead to an increase in diseases and infections which can also in some severe cases cause death, this is because the children have not been vaccinated from those certain diseases so their immune systems do not know how to fight them off or at least protect them from it.If children are not vaccinated then the country has less control over epidemics and pandemics because the children that are not being vaccinated can spread the disease and infections rapidly to other people which means that more people that are not being vaccinated are going to get the disease or infection. (safety, n. d. ) This graph is showing t hat there has been an increase in the confirmed cases of measles due to parents no longer wanting to vaccinate there babies/children due to the risk factors. Alternatives to vaccinations Parents face many tough decisions when it comes to vaccines.There is an alternative called Homeoprophylaxis (HP) or homeopathic immunization. It has been around for over 200 years, and recent studies show its effectiveness in epidemics, and its effectiveness at preventing childhood diseases (not injuring the child). Homeoprophylaxis is a dilute preparation from a disease product i. e. from the sputum of n individual with the disease, or in the case of influenzium (homeopathic version of the flue shot), the four viruses selected by the WHO for the annual flu vaccine. They are safe for everyone, including babies and they come in a small sugar pill that dissolves quickly in your mouth.It involves no side effects. No trauma, no toxins and no risks. It is given when the body is healthy and shouldnâ€℠¢t be given during a time of illness. The benefits of homeopathic immunization are pretty good. It works by naturally strengthening the resistance of the child instead of targeting the pathogen, bacteria, or virus that causes the epidemic disease. For this reason pathogens can never develop a resistance to the prophylactics. The immunization protects against diseases for which no vaccine exists; an example of this is the â€Å"B† strain of meningococcal (meningitis) disease that is responsible for many infections.The immunization protects those that traditional vaccines are unsuitable, such as those who have had adverse reactions to other vaccines, the malnourished, and the sick and debilitated the immune-compromised, the pregnant, those allergic to vaccine materials and those on steroids. Vaccination: * Material dose; live, attenuated or killed virus, bacteria, toxin, in crude dose * Adjuvants to stimulate allergic response and other additives with the possibility of other v iruses, human fetus tissue, and DNA, animal byproducts etc. Multiple diseases given at once Homeoprophylaxis * Energetic dose; substances are potentized/diluted to reduce material dose but retain memory of disease/pathogen * Single disease at a time * No adjuvants, preservatives or contaminants National Attack rates and the Efficacy of Homeoprophylaxis Disease| Attack rates unimmunised %| Attack rate Homeoprophylaxis %| Efficacy of Homeoprophylaxis%| Whooping Cough| 85. 0| 11. 7| 86. 2| Measles| 90. 0| 9. 0| 90. 0| Mumps| 70. 0| 5. 9| 91. 6| (Golden, n. d. )Should any vaccines be required for children? Arguments for and arguments against: (Dimes, n. d. ) Argument FOR: Vaccination should be required for children. No individual should have the right to risk the health of the public solely for the purpose of satisfying their personal moral or religious views. (Parenting, n. d. ) This graph is showing that since vaccinations have been introduced the number of deaths caused by disease su ch as Measles, Whooping Cough, Diphtheria and Scarlet Fever have decreased.Therefore I believe that Vaccinations should be required for children, and no individual should have the right to risk the health of the public because they satisfying their personal moral or religious views because if they aren’t being vaccinated they are affecting everyone else around them. This graph is reliable because it clearly shows important information which shows that FOR argument is important because vaccinations are decreasing the deaths of people because of disease. Argument AGAINST: Governments should not have the right to intervene in the health decisions parents make for their children. 1% of parents believe they should have the right to refuse mandated school entry vaccinations for their children. This graph is showing the number of people contracting measles has increased due to parents refusing to let their children have the school entry vaccinations. Because of this there could end up being an epidemic in Wales, because a number of children are not protected from Measles. I think that the school entry vaccinations should be made mandatory; I think this because it will stop the spread of an epidemic as people will be vaccinated against Measles.This source is reliable because it clearly shows that because people are not being vaccinated, diseases are spreading rapidly. From looking at both these arguments for and against I think that all children should be forced into having vaccinations, no matter what there religion is or what they believe in. If all children have the vaccinations that are available to them then maybe one day all the horrid diseases will be wiped out. This includes anyone who migrates because nobody knows what diseases they could be carrying or they could have come from a disease ridden area.Argument FOR: Vaccines can get rid of disease and prevent serious illness and death. Mandatory vaccination has got rid of disease that once killed thousan ds of children, such as polio and small pox. (Murakami, 2011) This graph is showing that when the Small Pox Vaccination was made mandatory the number of deaths per million shot right down because people were made to have the vaccination. Then when the vaccination was no longer mandatory so the number of deaths per million shot straight back up again.Then finally the vaccination was made mandatory one last time, this was when Small Pox was finally wiped out. I think this source is reliable because it clearly shows how helpful the Small Pox vaccination was and also how effective it was to England and Wales. Argument AGAINST: Many parents hold religious beliefs against vaccination. Forcing such parents to vaccinate their children would violate their rights to the free exercise of their religion. From looking at both the argument for and against I feel that vaccinations should be mandatory no what the circumstances are.Everyone in world should be given these vaccinations because when va ccinations are made mandatory they do work, they do wipe out harmful disease, as my source shows about Small Pox. If the Small Pox vaccination was not made mandatory then the Small Pox disease would still be runny wild today. Argument FOR: Some individuals that have been vaccinated may still get sick when exposed to infected individuals, 75%-94% of the population, depending on the disease, must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity. When the herd immunity is achieved the number of immunized individuals is high enough to prevent the spread of disease through the population. BBC, 2012) This graph is showing that the confirmed cases of Whooping cough in England and Wales rose from 2011 to 2012. This graph is perfect for the Argument FOR because it shows that the number of confirmed cases could be due to the vaccinated individuals being exposed to the infected individuals. My source is not as reliable as I would like it to be because it does not actually show that some of the confirmed cases of Whooping cough are due to the vaccinated children being exposed to the infected individuals. Argument AGAINST: Vaccines interfere with the natural law and God’s plan for humanity.Disease is a natural occurrence and humans should not interfere with it. From looking at the argument for and the argument against I feel that people should not be aloud to say that they do want vaccinating because it is going against God and the natural law, because yes they may believe that but them believing that affects a lot of other people they are not vaccinated so they are a risk to more people. I disagree with the statement that disease is a natural occurrence because if everyone in the world was to be vaccinated then diseases would be wiped out and nothing would occur.Argument FOR: The risks of not being vaccinated far outweigh the small risks associated with vaccination. Preventable diseases like measles and mumps can cause permanent disability and death. In 1991 an outbreak of m easles in an unvaccinated group of children in Philadelphia caused seven deaths. Children infected with mumps can become permanently deaf. Although a very small number of deaths from the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine have been reported, the most common adverse reactions are minor soreness and or fever.Argument AGAINST: Common childhood vaccinations may cause rare yet serious reactions including anaphylactic shock, paralysis, and sudden death. This risk is not worth taking, considering most diseases vaccinated against are not necessarily life threatening. (Health, n. d. ) From looking at this pie chart I can see that there were a number of deaths related to diseases than can be preventable by a few simple vaccines. This graph shows that if all these children had been vaccinated from these diseases then the deaths wouldn’t have been anywhere near as high as they were.I think this graph is reliable because it shows the number of lives that could have been saved if the ch ildren have been vaccinated. From looking at the argument for and argument against I think the risk of contracting a disease should over weigh the possible side effects that the vaccination can bring. Although the side effects of the vaccination can be bad they only last a couple of days at most, whereas if you contract a disease it last between one and ten days and in some cases is can kill you.I think that parents should think about the risks and benefits in a lot of detail before they say that they do not want to vaccinate their children. Argument FOR: Because children and babies are more open to the swine flu they should be required to take FDA- approved vaccine to prevent illness and possible death. Argument AGAINST: Vaccines can cause brain inflammation which can then lead to either death or permanent brain damage and disorders such as autism, ADD/ADHA, and other developmental problems.Also this vaccine has been associated specifically with the development of autism and is sti ll found in certain tetanus and flu vaccines. (Anon. , n. d. ) This graph is showing the percentage of people who would and would not consider the swine flu vaccination. This pie chart just shows exactly why people are contracting diseases just like swine flu. I would say this source is reliable because it gives people a clear understanding of why certain diseases are quite rife.Argument FOR: Children should be required to receive vaccination against hepatitis B. the disease can cause inflammation of the liver leading to scarring of the liver or cancer. The world health organization recommends that hepatitis B vaccination be part of universal childhood vaccination routine. (Organization, n. d. ) This map shows which countries have and which countries have not introduced the HepB vaccination. This map shows us which countries have more disease issues and which do not.I think this vaccination is reliable because it shows us where vaccinations need to be put in place and then also made mandatory so diseases do not become rife. Argument AGAINST: All vaccines cause immune system suppression and can permanently damage the natural immune system. Unvaccinated children can build and strengthen their immune systems through fighting off infection and developing natural immunity to disease like measles and chickenpox. From looking at both the for and against argument I think that HepB should be made mandatory because it is a life threatening disease.I disagree with the statement that children can build and strengthen their immune system because with the diseases that can be contracted only the vaccination can properly protect them. To conclude I am for this question because I feel that all vaccines should be required for children for their own protection and well being. Parents who straight away say ‘NO NO NO I am not vaccinating my child’ should think about the benefits and risk factors, because I believe that the benefits over weigh the risk factors by a lo t.I understand that some parents do no want their children to have to suffer some of the side effects that the vaccinations bring, they need to realise that the side effects of the vaccinations are nothing compared to the diseases that they can contract. The diseases can also be life threating, so the parents need to realise that yes their child may have side effects from the vaccination which only last a day or two whereas if they contract a disease it is likely to last around one to ten days and also some can kill. I know what I’d rather my child have.In my opinion vaccinations should be made mandatory from everyone and anyone, whether they are religious or not. I think this because if half of a population are religious and the other half are non religious and are for vaccinations for example, the religious side are going to always contract the diseases because they are not protected against them and even though the non religious side that have been vaccinated are protected they can still contract the disease but it may not be as extreme as if the religious side were to contract the disease.If anyone migrates to the country they should be tested on and vaccinated straight away no questions asked because people do not know what they could be carrying, they could be bringing all sorts of diseases in the country. Bibliography (CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. , n. d. [Online] Available at: http://www. marchofdimes. com/baby/wellbabycare_vaccinations. html [Accessed 16 February 2013]. 1999, D. O. H. , n. d. 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