The Global Effect of the Invention of Soap free essay sample

The more complaisant it makes them, supple, Smooth, docile, the more slobbers, the more Its rage becomes voluminous, pearly†¦ Magic Stone! The more it forms with air and water Clusters of scented grapes, Explosive†¦ Water, air and soap Overlap, play At leapfrog, form Combinations less chemical than Physical, gymnastical, acrobatical Rhetorical? There is much to say about soap. † Francis Ponge, Italian Renaissance Literature, â€Å"Soap. † The Culture of Cleanliness in Renaissance Italy. Soap; such a simple word with a huge meaning. Oxford dictionary defines soap as, â€Å"a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide. † And that is just it. Soap, although simple, is also so very complex, and used to improve so much. Soap is commercially and socially used for cleaning and sanitation and has had a very significant impact on the health of the overall world. Although the very first usage and production of soap was never officially documented, it is said to be possible that soap could have been discovered/used in as far back as early prehistoric times. We will write a custom essay sample on The Global Effect of the Invention of Soap or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though the creation of soap is a very old process, typically in early civilizations, it was not widely used by the peoples of those specific times. Even in modern times the lack of soap has caused epidemics of small, and sometimes even large, proportions. Juergen Eichholtz, states, â€Å"In Europe alone, the annually recurring influenza epidemics or severe virus epidemics could be tackled through improved hygiene. The EHEC epidemic in Germany in 2011, or the recently imported Noro virus from China which paralyzed many students in German primary schools, clearly demonstrate the need for regular hand washing with soap. Washing your hands with soap is so quick and simple, yet so often neglected. Many epidemics in the early history before soap, are known to have been avoidable if soap was more commonly used and more commonly available. The Global Handwashing Organization goes on to explain on their website, â€Å"handwashing can prevent the transmission of a variety of pathogens, it may be more effective than any single vaccine. Promoted on a wide enough scale, handwashing with soap can be thought of as a â€Å"do-it-yourself† vaccine. Ingraining the habit of handwashing could save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention. †They further prove that soap has a significant impact on health by comparing soap to a vaccine. Here, the GHO (Global Handwashing Organization) is trying to discuss their idea of a simple vaccination without the trouble of a traditional vaccination. Many things in the past were used in place of soap. Including items such as strigils that were used in ancient Rome , clay cylinders containing a soap like substance that were used in Babylon, and Ebers papyrus that was used for reference in ancient Egypt. Before soap was officially declared to have been an invented substance and noted in medical notebooks, exclusive Muslim soap makers and chemists used vegetable oils, aromatic oils, and lye as a sort of soap for cleaning and cleansing. These oils could also be replaced by the fats of animals, typically killed for sacrifices, mixed with wood ashes and lye to create another sort of soap. This process was widely used for making soap, and was how many civilizations and people created soap before it was mass sold for profit and general benefit. One of the most famous sanitation projects can be found in Ancient Rome in the widely known Roman Bathes. The Roman civilization developed a series of aqueducts that stretched over approximately 260 miles of land. These aqueducts lead to public fountains, wealthy elite’ homes, and to the famous Roman bathes. The Romans were one of the first, if not the first civilization to develop public bathes where citizens could come and bathe and even socialize whenever they pleased. Within these bathes, there were three chambers for bathing. One chamber had water with extremely high temperatures and a lot of steam, creating an environment almost like a sauna to open your pores and relax your muscles. Another chamber had a comfortable, warm water temperature where slaves would rub olive oil on your body and scrape the excess dirt off your body with strigils. This, although it sounds rather painful, was very relaxing and was considered extremely cleanly. And the third, and final chamber had large pools of cool water where you could sit and socialize with other Roman citizens while the pores of your body close, as a result, preventing the penetration of dirt and germs. Although soap would have done an adequate job as well, the Romans created a brilliant system to cleanse the body without the widespread use of soap. Many civilizations are known to have had periods of time when they believed that they had created the â€Å"first† soap. Ancient Babylonians were officially declared the first inventors of soap, with evidence dating back to 2800 B. C. however; Michel Eugene Chevreul is the scientific father and inventor of soap. Chevreul was a French Chemist born in 1786 to a family of doctors. He spent most of his life studying the structure and properties of lipids, and lead to his discovery of the concept of fatty acids. These discoveries of fatty acids sparked his interest in the concept of soap and eventually to his invention of soap. Some people may ask, â€Å"Why use soap? Why even make soap? † The answer to these questions are as follows: Soap is good for overall health of everyone and the production of soap allows the general health of the public easier to access. Rob Dunn, a contributor to Scientific American Blog, states, â€Å"Increasingly, the world seems to be rife with contamination. Fortunately, all of the main companies producing hygiene products have offered a solution–sanitary, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antibiotic, wipes, and soaps to kill anything that dares to creep into our wholesome lives. These salves will cure us of the demons that dare to grow near us. † When Dunn says this, he is completely correct. Without the proper and frequent use of sanitation products, such as soap, the general public would be more exposed to the world full of deadly germs. Sickness could be avoided through the simple wash of your hands. CNN wrote an article on their website called â€Å"Lack of soap means, illness, death for millions of children,† where they explain, â€Å"Across the globe, 2. 4 billion people do not have access to clean sanitation, according to the World Health Organization. An estimated 1. 5 million children die every year because their immune systems are not mature enough to battle diarrheal and respiratory diseases spread in contaminated environments. † Dr. Eric Mintz, leader of the Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Epidemiology team at the CDC further adds to the statement made by CNN by saying, â€Å"It seems so simple, soap and water. But imagine never being taught how to do that. † Dr. Mintz has a point that can relate further back into history when there wasn’t any product like soap to help keep things sanitized. Outbreaks of disease were common and were frequently spread due to tightly populated cities and towns. Those who didn’t use the simple soap and water were often very exposed to sickness and diseases. Therefore, outbreaks were almost uncontrollable in places that didn’t use soap. In fact, many organizations have been developed for less privileged, third world countries to receive soap and items similar. Organizations like the Global Soap Project, contributes soap to these soap-less societies. The Global Soap Project recycles soap from North American hotels and motels that would otherwise end up in piles in landfills. This organization re-manufactures new bars of soap that are donated to underprivileged countries. Along with this giving of soap, they teach the local citizens information about proper hygiene that improves and almost always changes their lives. Soap obviously has a significant impact on people’s health and well-being. But does it have any other impacts? The obvious answer to this question is yes. Soap also has a very big impact on the economy with its mass production and manufacture. â€Å"Soap and synthetic detergents are used by practically very industry as an essential raw material or operating supply. † Soap, especially in the textile industry is commonly used. Companies such as those that produce items of fabric and similar material are required to wash their materials before they are able to sell them for a profit. Also, soap is popular in the food industry. Restaurants are required by the health department to wash all their dishes, silverware, and glasses. As we ll as the tables, tablecloths, bathrooms, and according to most health laws, the employees must frequently wash their hands. The list of examples of soap being used in specific industries goes on and on. This further proves that soap has a massive economic impact due to the fact that it is used in almost every industry in one way or another, in some form or fashion. Whether it be the workers who need to use the soap, or the product being sold that needs to be cleaned. An interesting idea is posed by an iconic children’s cartoon, â€Å"Spongebob Squarepants†. A specific quote from an episode entitled, â€Å"Squirrel Jokes,† refers specifically to soap. The main character, Spongebob, offers a joke and by asking, â€Å"Soap, Soap. What is Soap? † Though a harmless cartoon, the writer, Stephen Hillenburg, poses an interesting question that most don’t think of when watching the episode. What would the world be without soap? Just how much smaller would the world’s population be if soap was never invented? Would soap end up being eventually invented in the future? What is it like for people who are not aware of the simple concept of soap? There are no true, completely correct answers to any of these questions. Although the world without soap is a terrifying thought, it is believed that we should be thankful for the invention of soap and that we should continue to purify the world through the use of this wonderfully brilliant product. Appendix Picture #1 Appendix Picture #2 Appendix Picture #3 Primary Sources Biow, Douglas. â€Å"Chapter 2: Soap and Washerwomen. † The Culture of Cleanliness Italy. Ithica, NY: Cornell UP, 2006. N. pag. Print This book gives a brief explanation of soap and how it is made. The main information that comes out of this book is the primary sources on peoples opinions of soap.

Professional College Essay Writer Explained

Professional College Essay Writer Explained The body of your essay has to have a flawless stream of ideas. You must be alert to the essay structure, which will organize the chaos in your thoughts. If you've faced the issue of college essay writing and you don't have any idea how to do it, you're at the appropriate place. Though there are plenty of distinct manners of writing an effortless base essay can wind up being a best one. All our writers hold higher degrees and work in the regions in which they're qualified. The representatives of our on-line custom writing team is easily reached in any respect times. You must keep in mind your work will be read by real professionals. Our top notch group of professional US and UK writers work 24 hours each day, 7 days per week. Who Else Wants to Learn About Professional College Essay Writer? There are many businesses who offer you to obtain the pre written papers on your topic, so you might use it like a sample, but you maynot us e any sentence with that paper because it will appear plagiarized straight away. Some folks don't scan for plagiarism since they're unaware of it, utilizing the incorrect citation style or don't have any access to proper checking tools. Only the best writers provide you with the best quality papers. The online research paper writers need to be professional and thoroughly credentialed. The essay making software ought to have a method of checking plagiarism. The way a particular algorithm works is set by the kind of summarization that the tool performs. Scottish geologist, finely balanced, it's an excellent tool to compose any occasion. All automated summary tools rely on a specific algorithm to create the desired outcome. Many others dream of the greatest college years. Professional writers wish to compose the way by which the college student writes. If you study at a college or university and don't have sufficient time to compose assignments yourself, you can get them online. Wise students may wind up having low GPA ratings should they do not manifest determination and orgizanization abilities. Essay writing assignments might be a tough and time-consuming experience. Help with writing essays and other forms of college research papers is among the most well-known services. Our writers are highly qualified in the area of writing. Our competent writers a re here in order to help you in solving any academic endeavor. Order the very best essay, completed by qualified essay writers and you're sure to acquire excellent essays. Affordable custom made essay writing is currently made possible by our versatile writers, who compose various kinds of essays based on needing the customer. Writing impressive essays and other sorts of papers is part of cake for our adept writers. Is an academic essay writing company that you are searching for. It is very important to understand of how critical it may be to use completely free essays you may discover online. It is possible to write an admissions essay that can help you earn a. College application essay, admissions representatives a couple of methods that will help you along before you get started writing, writing college essays and individual statements. Perhaps, writing argumentative essays isn't that an effortless endeavor. Consequently, an essay writing firm is designed to help students that are needing professional writers to construct their essays or any type of academic document and attain far superior scores at the exact same moment. To begin with, the author should select a topic to discuss. Our professional essay writers are glad to provide you their assistance. They will take care of your orders to provide custom essays in time. The Ultimate Professional College Essay Writer Trick Mastering the art of choosing writing service There's a variety of essay generators readily available online. An ever available and easy to contact customer service method is crucial. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to avoid low excellent services. Our service is carefully designed to make sure that we are going to supply you with complete satisfaction when you need our expert services. The Benefits of Professional College Essay Writer Authors necessar ily consider the specifics of each purchase. Quite simply, your essay will be produced particularly for each student, so that it may satisfy the demands and terms of your buy.

Research Paper Topics in Histopathology

Research Paper Topics in HistopathologyResearch paper topics in histopathology are plentiful, but there are many pitfalls to avoid. While there is great literature on the subject, there is also a significant amount of it that is incorrect or very old. If you are in a position to do so, this article will offer several suggestions to help you get started with an interesting research topic.Since the content of a research paper topics in histopathology can be quite confusing, it helps to have some familiarity with the actual field. When writing a research paper, this is best accomplished by understanding the types of pathology that is studied. You should understand what characteristics make up histopathology and be able to describe those qualities.Histopathology is the study of the presence or absence of some pathology on a particular tissue or organism. It is often described as the study of the 'level of evidence', where one finds some level of pathology and attributes a cause for it. O ften the researcher will use other disciplines, such as pathology to aid in the process. The goal is to find what factors contribute to the presence or absence of pathology, and what these factors are in the context of the environmental and genetic make-up of the host.As one may imagine, this can be difficult to do in the case of humans, since the host is a living entity. In cases of small animals or insects, there is no need to study their biology to determine what they are suffering from. To put it another way, it would be impossible to learn about the organism without having a biopsy performed on it, so histopathology is not really useful in this case. However, in the case of people, many questions are raised by an examination of the human body itself, which makes it a useful tool in learning about the disease.Histopathology can be broken down into two main areas: hematopathology and cytotoxicology. These terms are generally used interchangeably, but they are actually different b ranches of the same discipline. Hematopathology studies the presence of hematopoietic cells, which are blood cells. This includes both lymphocytes and white blood cells, and their functions are not clearly understood.Cytotoxicology studies the ability of cells to kill or damage DNA. In its most common form, cytotoxicology is used to study the mechanisms by which cells cause disease. For example, in cancer research it is used to examine whether the malignant cells are capable of killing healthy cells in the body. While it can be used to determine the viability of a cell, it can also be used to answer other questions, such as if the malignant cells are more likely to become malignant in a culture medium that has a much higher malignant potential than it does in the human body.As can be expected, cytotoxicology is also useful in clinical research. To date, there is still no known cure for cancer, so cytotoxicology is crucial in determining the mechanism of action. There are many experi ments that can be conducted on cells, but it is important to use cells from the appropriate species, so that the ability of the cells to cause disease in humans is taken into account. The selection of the species is often based on the importance of the study, such as if a drug is going to be developed against cancer that is especially dangerous in people who have certain genetic traits.When it comes to designing your own research paper topics in histopathology, the general approach is the same regardless of the type of research that you are doing. However, the information available to you is very different between human and animal research. These differences will help you create the best papers possible.

Why Almost Everything Youve Learned About Short Essay Topics for College Is Wrong and What You Should Know

Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Short Essay Topics for College Is Wrong and What You Should Know New Ideas Into Short Essay Topics for College Never Before Revealed When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. Your readers will need to see the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. If when you are preparing a report you merely analyze specific literature, the essay demands an excellent penetration into the issue. In situations when you get to select the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. New Questions About Short Essay Topics for College It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you may counter to your own points. There are many steps that you should take as a way to write an exemplary essay. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. A quick answer essay provides the college a helpful window into the applicant's interests. The Nuiances of Short Essay Topics for College It's not sufficient to pick a topic which everybody agrees on. Pick a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make certain you know a lot about it! Deciding upon an emotional topic is also a great idea. The key to opt for a very good topic for an argumentative essay is to choose a subject where there's a lot of debates on topics or stances. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. If your essay is describing a process, like how to make a huge chocolate cake, make sure your paragraphs fall in the right purchase. If you're given the subject, you ought to think about the sort of paper that you need to produce. When students are writing their argumentative essays that must find, read and analyze a lot of material to do good. Short Essay Topics for College at a Glance School should happen in the evenings. Year round school isn't a good idea. College is for a high amount of study. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is a superb fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. If you would rather make an outline, write your topic at the peak of the webpage. The list is really endless. You're able to pick topics from several lists of ready themes. Ensure you give clear explanations of the things on your list also. Life After Short Essay Topics for College Remember that you could make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. One of the greatest strategies to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. It isn't possible to generate a true friend online. Details of Short Essay Topics for College When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. Write about a problem which you have or would like to fix. Don't neglect to explain why the dilemma is valuable to you! It is that everyone's interpretation of what makes a good society is different. You should think of a notion and offer some evidence. Even when you're stating your perspective, make sure you do not come off as biased. A great topic will ensure it is simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, evidently, the whole investigation of the problem you speak about. When you are requested to opt for a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. What Is So Fascinating About Short Essay Topic s for College? No matter the mission of the essay, ensure you're interested in your topic. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. A proposal essay is quite straightforward to comprehend. To come across argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you want to comprehend about the argumentative essay. You must keep in mind your argumentative essay ought to be compelling. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. You've just written a distinguished essay. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. You should have skills to compose a fantastic essay. An informative essay combines several kinds of term papers. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Short Essay Topics for College The best methods to accept the society and ensure it is accept you. The intent of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on distinct views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. Many students seek scholarship so the financial characteristics of studying would be less of a burden in their opinion. The Hidden Gem of Short Essay Topics for College It isn't as demanding as other varieties of academic papers, but nevertheless, it can provide you an overall insight on writing providing you with the fundamental skills of information gathering, creating an outline, and editing. While an essay is a sizable projec t, there are numerous steps a student can take which will help break down the task into manageable pieces. Besides general knowledge you have regarding this issue, you won't mind dedicating some opportunity to research, writing procedure, and other facets essential for the high-quality essay. 1 important and appropriate subject is technology.

Sample Essay: The Essay That Can Make You an Expert

Sample Essay: The Essay That Can Make You an ExpertSample essays, essays for the SAT or ACT, make your job as a high school teacher, student and parent much easier. That is, if you have a high quality assignment to send out, you will know the right time to send out the letter to your teachers that you can send the paper out in two or three weeks, instead of having to wait until the paper comes back from your school library.That being said, there are also other ways to utilize your time, like writing a short essay for your college application, or something that is related to your interest in the field of your choice, be it law, business, music, journalism, nursing, physical education, etc. Or you may simply want to know more about what's going on in the world, and express yourself through a short paper that gives some background information about that topic.A sample essay is the perfect example. There are some basic rules of grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure that you should follow while writing, and many ways in which you can alter and improvise in the style of your sample essay to make it more interesting to read and look at, more insightful and powerful.Your sample essay can also serve as a kind of guide on how to write the actual essay. In order to take the information and details contained in your sample and revise it to make it more powerful and interesting, you would want to consult someone who has done research on the topic. If you have an idea of what you want to say in your sample and have looked at samples or essays that have already been written before, this is an easy task.In addition, you should use the sample essay to improve your own writing skills, particularly in the way that you use the language that you use in your sample. In other words, if you have a very basic idea in mind, make sure you use the correct way of expressing it, or else it will not be a simple task. article writing When it comes to article writing, for example, it is very important to make sure that the information that you provide to your readers is well-constructed, so that your reader does not get bored. A sample essay can help you write an interesting, informative, and also stimulating essay.When you think of how to make the most of your time, you can write a great essay, and the best part is that you can turn your essay into a more effective piece of writing when you make use of a sample. That is why, when you are trying to formulate your own ideas or concepts, it is wise to start with a sample essay, because this is a powerful technique that can make you an expert in your field in no time.

Herland essays

Herland essays Herland is the story of three men who stumble upon a society populated entirely by women. This culture is superior in virtually all ways to the world of the men. The narrator of the book is one of the visiting men , and he is constantly in awe of the perfection of the country. In writing Herland , Gilman attempted to address the problems that go hand in hand with gender roles. By creating a female utopia, Gilman shows the flaws in our society created from these distinct roles. She takes the women of Herland and creates an atmosphere where no men exist , and where women live in harmony and sisterhood. She draws a picture of what she thinks an ideal unisex society would be like, and shows what happens when men are brought into such a society. (Clemons 1) The Herlanders have invented a language which is both easy to learn and beautiful. Tammy Clemons states that Without learning the language of the Herlanders , Van, the books narrator, would not be able to tell their story. Gilman was obviously aware of the power of language to shape and reflect society, and in creating this utopian vision, she acknowledges that a language invented solely by women would possess very different qualities than a language of a patriarchal origin. By learning the language of Herland Van is empowered to become educated about the Herland culture and preferred style of education. He comes from a world in which education is regimented into its respective buildings, grades and classes, thus preparing children for the inevitable hierarchy they encounter as adults. He is surprised to hear that the children of Herland love to challenge their minds and bodies. He understands why for each generation of Herland the intelligence of the women surpasses the intelligence of the previous Herlanders have no concept of worship, no eternal punishment , and no fixed, unalterable religious dogma. (Gilm...

Parallelism for SAT Writing Tips and Practice

Parallelism for SAT Writing Tips and Practice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We get to add to our grammar knowledge. Get excited! Parallel structure questions on the SAT Writing section are fairly common. Fortunately, parallel structure is a somewhat easy to comprehend grammatical rule. Once you understand the rule, you should be able to correctly answer any parallel structure question on the SAT. So, let’s master another rule and boost your SAT Writing score with these tips and strategies. In this post, I’ll do the following: Explain parallel structure. Detail the types of parallel structure questions on the SAT. Offer strategies to correctly answer parallel structure questions. Provide additional practice questions to test you on what you've learned. What is Parallelism as a Grammar Rule? Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words for two or more words or ideas in a sentence. Using parallel structure shows that the words/ideas have the same level of importance and makes the sentence easier to understand. The basic parallel structure rule is that the things in a list should be in the same grammatical form. If you are listing three things, the construction of that list should benoun, noun, noun,orverb, verb, verb,orgerund, gerund, gerund,etc. Any inconsistency within the list is an error in parallel structure. Here is an example of a sentence with an error in parallel structure: Egya likes laughing, singing, and to write. The sentence is listing three things that Egya likes. The first two are in the gerund form. Gerunds are verbs that function like nouns and end in "ing". The last thing, "to write", is an infinitive. An infinitiveis also a verb that functions like a noun, but it is constructed by using the word "to" plus the verb. In order to make this list parallel, all three items should be in the same grammatical form. The corrected version of the sentence looks like this: Egya likes laughing, singing, and writing. Now all three items on the list are gerunds. So, how is parallel structure tested on the SAT Writing section? Parallel Structure on the SAT There are two primary types of parallel structure questions that appear in SAT Writing. Type #1: Parallel Lists The example from above was a parallel structure list sentence. Generally, in list questions, three things are listed and you have to ensure that all the items in the list are in the same grammatical form. This is another sentence that contains a parallel structure error: Sonia is known for her independence, her honesty, and being intelligent. Do you see the inconsistency in the list? The first two items are nouns, traits that Sonia possesses. In the last item, "being intelligent", the word "being" is a gerund and "intelligent" is an adjective that describes Sonia. We want all three items in the list to have the same construction. After we fix the parallel structure error, this is our sentence: Sonia is known for her independence, her honesty, and her intelligence. Now all the items in the list match. The sentence reads better and all is well in the world of parallel structure. Strategy To correctly answer parallel structure list questions, first identify that there is a list of items. Usually the list will look like this: x, y, and z. Make sure that the commas are separating items in a list and are not just separating clauses. Once you have identified the list, ensure that the items in the list are as consistent with the other items in the list as possible. How do we do that? Break down each item in the list by identifying the parts of speech of the words and make sure that all the items match. We want each item to be in the same grammatical form. After breaking down the list items, there should be no inconsistencies. Once we fixed our previous example sentence, the items in the list included "independence" (noun), "honesty" (noun), and "intelligence" (noun). Let's move on to the second type of parallel structure question. Type #2: Parallel Phrases Parallel structure phrase questions are slightly more complicated than list questions, but they follow the same principle. The parallel structure rule regarding phrases is that the construction of a phrase on one side of a conjunction must match the construction of the phrase on the other side of the conjunction as closely as possible. Definition of a Conjunction Conjunctions are words that connect phrases or clauses. Examples of common conjunctions includeand, or, but,andso.Some of you may be familiar with the acronym FANBOYS. It stands for For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. Those are all conjunctions. Additionally, there are correlative conjunctions, also known as word pairs. Literally, these words come in pairs. The items correlative conjunctions compare follow each word of the word pair. Examples of word pairs include either...or, not only...but also, as...as, and both...and. Example Sentences Now that we know the rule and the definition of a conjunction, we can check out how this rule should be applied. Here is a sentence with a parallel structure error: The SAT Writing section challengesstudents and frustration is found in them. So, the two items are connected by the conjunction "and". Let's break down each item by its parts of speech. The first item, "challenges students" is VERB+ NOUN. The second item that follows the conjunction is "frustration is found in them". That phrase's construction is NOUN + VERB + ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + PRONOUN. Even if you struggle identifying the parts of speech of certain words, you should be able to immediately recognize that the phrases are not consistent and the sentence has a parallel structure error. So, how do we correct the sentence? We change the wording in the phrase following "and" to match the VERB + NOUN construction of the first phrase. This is the corrected version of the sentence: The SAT Writing section challenges students and frustrates them. Do you see that the phrases appear more consistent and the sentence reads better after we fix the error? Also, note that it's fine to use a pronoun in the place of a noun as long as the pronoun has a clear antecedent (coming soon). Let's go through the same process with another example: Rand Paul supports the repeal of the Affordable Care Act as well as that the Department of Education should be eliminated. The two items in the sentence are the two things that Rand Paul supports. Both items are connected by the conjunction "as well as". Let's break down the parts of speech of the words in those things. Phrase #1 Is "the repeal of the Affordable Care Act". Repeal= NOUN +of= PREPOSITION+Affordable Care Act=NOUN. Phrase #1's construction is NOUN + PREPOSITION + NOUN. The basic construction of phrase #2 is PRONOUN(that) + NOUN (Department of Education)+ VERB (should be eliminated). Its construction is PRONOUN + NOUN + VERB.We want the construction of phrase #2 to match the construction of phrase #1. Here is the corrected version of the sentence: Rand Paul supports the repeal of the Affordable Care Act as well as the elimination of the Department of Education. Much better, right So, phrase #2 should now match the NOUN + PREPOSITION + NOUN construction of phrase #1. Let's see if it does. Elimination=NOUN, of=PREPOSITION, Department of Education=NOUN. Boom!! Strategy If you see a conjunction connecting/comparing two items, identify the items. Then, break down the words in each item by their parts of speech and determine the phrase's construction. Make sure that the phrases are parallel. The construction of the phrases should match as closely as possible. Also, a preposition used on one side of a conjunction or word pair must appear on the other side. Look at this example with a parallel structure error. The dancer was praised not only for her strength but also in her agility. The dancer was praised for two things. Those things are connected by the word pair "not only...but also". The two things, which are the phrases before and after "but also", should be parallel in construction. The prepositions should match for the sentences to be parallel. This is the corrected version of the sentence: The dancer was praised not only for her strength but also for her agility. Now let's apply what we've learned to examples from real SATs. Real SAT Writing Examples See if you can identify an error in parallel structure in this first example. Explanation: First, we notice that there is no grammatical error within the underlined phrase. Now, let's look at the phrase's function within the sentence. The phrase "and composing one original work" is one of three things that a student must present to complete the music program. Therefore, the phrase is part of a list and should be parallel in structure to the other two items in the list. The construction of the first two items is "ONE" + ADJECTIVE + NOUN. We want the last item in the list to match the other two items as closely as possible. So, what's the answer? The answer is B. The phrase "and one original composition" matches the construction of "ONE" + ADJECTIVE + NOUN. Answer choice C doesn't work because the word "with" is incorrect given the context of the sentence. Remember the basic list construction of x, y, and z. Here's another real SAT example for you. Explanation: Again, there is nothing grammatically incorrect within the phrase "childhood is glorified". What is the function of that phrase within the sentence? The phrase is one of two things James Barrie is noted for portraying. The two things are connected by the conjunction "and". The first thing he is noted for portraying is "adulthood as unpleasant". What is the construction of that phrase? Its construction is NOUN + "AS" + ADJECTIVE. We want the construction of the second phrase to mirror that of the first. The answer is C. The phrase "childhood as glorious" perfectly matches the construction of NOUN + "AS" + ADJECTIVE and fixes the error in parallel structure. Check out this example of an identify the error parallel structure question. Explanation: Hopefully, you identified the conjunction "and" within the sentence. What is "and" connecting in the sentence? It is connecting two things that eating nuts might help. The first thing it might help is "to lower blood cholesterol levels in humans". The basic construction of that phrase is INFINITIVE + NOUN + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. The second thing that eating nuts might help is "reducing the risk of heart disease". Let's break down that phrase by parts of speech. That phrase's construction is GERUND + NOUN + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. We know that the infinitive form is correct in the first phrase because the word "to" isn't underlined. Therefore, the word "reducing" should be changed to the infinitive form to fix the error in parallel structure. The answer is C. "Reducing" should be changed to "reduce". The "to" is implied from "to lower". Here are some tips for you to use to help you correctly answer any parallel structure question you may encounter on the SAT Writing section. General Strategies for Parallel Structure SAT Writing Questions #1: Any List Within A Sentence Indicates a Possible Error in Parallel Structure If you see the x, y, and z list construction, make sure that the items in the list have the same grammatical form. #2: Phrases Connected by Conjunctions May Indicate an Error in Parallel Structure The phrase parallel structure questions tend to be more difficult and will most likely appear near the end of the sentence improvement and identify the error subsections. If you see multiple items connected by conjunctions at the end of these subsections, look for errors in parallel structure. #3: Break Down the Construction of Phrases Separated by Conjunctions and Items in a List Identify the parts of speech of words within a list. Also, identify the parts of speech of words within phrases that precede and succeed a conjunction. Make sure the construction of the phrases and list items match as closely as possible. Now we can apply the lessons we've learned. Additional SAT Writing Practice If you've read this article closely, I hope you have a solid grasp on parallel structure and how parallel structure questions are presented on the SAT. I've created some realistic SAT Writing practice problems for you to test your knowledge of parallel structure. Use what you've learned and the strategies I've presentedto help you answer the questions. 1. I like my PrepScholar articles because not only are they informative and entertaining but also because they offer students help. A. they offer students help. B. they offers students help. C. they are helpful for students. D. they are helping students. E. their offering to help students. 2. Because I was hungry, tired, and feeling like I was sad, I did not want to go to my appointment. A. and feeling like I was sad, B. and sad, C. I had feelings of sadness, D. I felt like I was sad, E. to feel sadness, 3. Stand-up comedy, one of the least respected performing arts, is valuable to society because the performer is able to inform the audience and making it laugh uncontrollably. A. making it laugh uncontrollably. B. making them laugh uncontrollably. C. uncontrollable laughter is caused by him. D. make it laugh uncontrollably. E. he makes people laugh uncontrollably. 4. Exercising(A) enabled Joe to strengthen his(B) muscles and releasing(C) his stress. (D) No Error (E) Answers: 1. C, 2. B, 3. D, 4. C What's Next If you want an overview of the topics on the SAT Writing section, read this article about what's tested on SAT Writing. If, specifically, you want to know the grammar rules tested in SAT Writing, check out this guide to SAT grammar. Since I know many of you have lofty goals and aspirations, I assume you may be interested in knowing what to do to get a perfect score on the SAT Writing section. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: